access to education in their native language, and advocated for educational policies respectful of language diversity. The showcased initiatives also included advocacy to eliminate discriminatory practices in education and ensure access to education to all minority and Indigenous children, as well as projects aiming at preventing xenophobia and racism in education. Good examples were provided by Member States and international organizations, such as the adoption of legislation guaranteeing the representation of national minorities in school and access to education in minority languages, the development of projects prioritizing quality education to persons belonging to minorities and notably Roma children, and legal protections for minority languages and cultural rights. Item 3: Minority representation in the media, including social media Under this item, participants were requested to explore the role of traditional and social media in shaping public perceptions of minorities, focusing on both challenges and opportunities that minorities face in portraying themselves in the media and social media. They were also invited to examine how minorities are often misrepresented through scapegoating, polarizing rhetoric, hate speech and disinformation campaigns, and to highlight examples of inclusive and positive media discourses. Presentations on the topic under discussion were made by the following panellists: Ms. Nayat Karaköse, Director of Programs at Hrant Dink Foundation; Mr. Dimas Novais, Journalist and Content Researcher and Screenwriter at Globo; and Prof. John Nguyet Erni, Dean of the Faculty of Humanities and Chair Professor of Cultural Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong. Ms. Nayat Karaköse addressed the issue of hate speech in the media, emphasizing its impact on minorities worldwide. She noted that hate speech manifests through racism, xenophobia, sexism, and other discriminatory narratives, portraying certain groups as threats. Since 2009, the Hrant Dink Foundation has identified a rise in targeted communities in Turkish media, now around 80 groups, with Jews, Armenians, Christians, Greeks, and Syrian refugees most affected. Hate speech appears in four main categories: distortion, insult, hostility, and symbolization. Ms. Karaköse underlined that media outlets should provide journalist training, establish ethical guidelines, and review content for hate speech. She highlighted initiatives such as developing AI tools to detect online hate speech and called to academia and civil society to participate in hate speech and algorithm monitoring, to ensure balanced approach between freedom of expression and protection against harmful discourse. Mr. Dimas Novais highlighted the underrepresentation of Black people in Brazilian media, emphasizing systemic racism and social inequality. Despite Black Brazilians comprising 55% of the population, they face disparities in media, film, and advertising. He indicated that, 9