Good examples were provided by Member States, such as the promotion of minority languages and customs, developing public spaces names as well as topographical and signage indications in minority languages based on extensive consultations, implementing education policies including education on minority cultures and in minority languages, celebrating minority religious holidays, creating radio programs in minority languages, and sponsoring events and festivals celebrating minority cultures. Item 2: Minority representation in education Participants were asked to discuss the portrayal of minorities in education, which plays a crucial role in shaping how minorities see themselves and how they are perceived by society. The discussions aimed to explore how minority students can effectively exercise their right to learn about their own history and culture, highlighting the significant role of education in ensuring intergenerational transmission and reducing intercommunal tensions. A central theme was the need for the active participation of minorities in shaping educational policies, ensuring that their perspectives are taken into account throughout the process. Presentations on the topic under discussion were made by the following panellists: Ms. Jacqueline Hatch, Graduate Fellow of the George Washington University with the UNESCO Geneva Liaison Office; Prof. David Smith, Professor, Alex Nove Chair in Russian and East European Studies at the University of Glasgow; and Mr. Ignasi Grau Callizo, General Director of OIDEL. Ms. Jacqueline Hatch underlined the role of UNESCO’s Convention against Discrimination in Education as the first legally binding instrument to define core elements of the right to education. She emphasized that the Convention defines discrimination broadly and specifically recognizes the rights of national minorities. It underscored the rights of national minorities to maintain their educational systems while ensuring integration into broader society. Ms. Hatch underscored UNESCO's initiative on the Evolving right to education with a focus on minority rights. In particular, findings from the 2023 report on “The right to education of minorities” highlighted the need for inclusive curricula, linguistic diversity, and intercultural education to address systemic exclusion of minority children and students, as well as the importance of local community involvement and targeted measures for disadvantaged groups within the educational process. She presented the launch of UNESCO’s 11th Consultation on the implementation of the Convention in 2024 as a key opportunity to improve policies protecting minority rights. Prof. David Smith highlighted the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities (FCNM) as Europe’s most comprehensive treaty protecting the rights of persons belonging to national minorities. The Advisory Committee monitors its implementation and makes recommendations, drawing on other Council of Europe 7