A/49/677 English Page 21 Recently, attacks have been perpetrated against individual Jews. New methods are also being used to disseminate anti-Semitic propaganda: video games, computer programmes. In France, Minitel has lately been used to disseminate anti-Jewish messages. For some time now in Western Europe, anti-Semitism, like racism, has occasionally been part of the electoral platform of certain political parties of the right and extreme right and acts as a rallying cry among people who recognize each other. In this case, the language used is coded in order to bypass the anti-racist legislation adopted by many countries. This anti-racist legislation of European countries, although not very effective, does at least exist. Nevertheless, the most radical anti-Semites find ways of bypassing it. 45/ The post-communist societies of Eastern Europe are also experiencing a resurgence of anti-Semitism. In Russia, glasnost had already allowed the free expression of hatred against the Jews. The anti-Semitic movement Pamyat (Memory), the best known, is only one anti-Semitic organization among others. The anti-Semitism which is prevalent today is a popular anti-Semitism encouraged by the fundamentalism of the Orthodox Church. A more elitist anti-Semitism, found in literature, parallels the "street anti-Semitism". It is with anxiety, if not terror, that one listens to and reads what is said and written by the politician Zhirinovsky, who owes his popularity largely to his anti-Semitic utterances to which the international media accord enormous attention." 100. The Special Rapporteur’s attention has also been drawn by the Council of Jewish Women to the growth of anti-Semitism in the Arab countries, where the notorious sham entitled the "Protocols of the Zion" is being spread by Islamic fundamentalist circles to a broad International and Muslim Elders of audience. "The ’Protocols of the Elders of Zion’ are a great success, both in Eastern Europe and in Russia, where this travesty originated, and in South America, Japan and even Australia, where the work has recently been reissued. "Another form of anti-Semitism is not aimed at the ’public at large’ but at intellectuals: denial. Those who engage in denial describe themselves as ’revisionists’, but in reality they are falsifying the history of the Nazi period. They attack Jewish history and memory, most often with impunity, and deny the historic facts of the extermination of 6 million Jews during the Second World War. Some countries, particularly in Europe (France, Germany and Belgium, for example), have devised very specific legislation to curb this phenomenon. Others rely on anti-racist laws (against incitement to ethnic and religious hatred, etc.) which are in fact inadequate to contain it. "In the United States of America, the interpretation of the First Amendment to the Constitution allows the dissemination of all types of ideas, even those which are anti-democratic. In view of this, some thought should be given to the acceptable limits of freedom of expression in the light of the concept set forth in article 20 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, which prohibits advocacy of racial hatred. 46/ In this country, anti-Semitism is overtaking even university campuses. Recently, speakers from the ’Nation of Islam’, university /...