 Requirements limiting the right to vote or to run for office;  Ban on political parties that are directly or indirectly minority oriented;  ‘Gerrymandering’ of electoral boundaries to the detriment of minorities or increasing the voting power of the majority. The most direct and at least arguably the greatest obstacles for minorities to their political participation and representation are requirements which directly restrict the right to vote or to run for elected office. These could include for example being able to demonstrate an ability in the official or national language in order to be registered or entitled to vote, a requirement as to land ownership, or even being able to understand the national Constitution to the satisfaction of State officials. [SLIDE]