A/HRC/11/7 page 14 without children, but subsequently plan to bring them to a host country. Therefore, it is important that States of origin develop policies and strengthen bilateral, regional and international cooperation to reduce the number of unaccompanied children seeking to join their parents or other family members in host countries through regular channels. 2. Children on the move 52. Children on the move are migrant children taking an active part in the migration process, particularly at the passage and arrival stages in countries of transit and destination. They may be found, inter alia, migrating with their family members or independently, to seek opportunities at both the educational and employment levels. They may also be found entering host countries to rejoin migrant members of the family, being relocated or sent by families to stay with relatives or friends in third countries or, as the Special Rapporteur has documented, sent by family members to find work abroad and send part of their earnings home (E/CN.4/2005/85/Add.1). 53. Children may also be forcibly on the move, such as when falling prey to transnational organized crime and exploitation networks. The Special Rapporteur has received reports about growing numbers of trafficked children,33 which in some instances is a consequence of oppressive or abusive home conditions, poverty or the absence of economic opportunities in the home region.34 54. Unaccompanied and separated children on the move may face greater vulnerabilities and risks35 including discrimination, sexual and other forms of violence, and being coerced into begging, drug dealing or prostitution by criminals or criminal organizations (E/CN.4/2005/85/Add.3). 33 For example, in Italy, trafficked minors made up a third of irregular arrivals in 2000 and approximately 15,000 unaccompanied minors arrived in the United States that year. See Commission on Human Security, Human Security Now, New York, 2003, available at www.humansecurity-chs.org/finalreport/English/FinalReport.pdf. 34 See Jayati Ghosh, “Migration and gender empowerment: recent trends and emerging issues”. Human development research paper, April 2009, available at: http://hdr.undp.org/en/reports/ global/hdr2009/papers/HDRP_2009_4.pdf. 35 See “Population mobility and AIDS”, UNAIDS, February 2001, available at http://data.unaids.org/Publications/IRC-pub02/JC513-PopMob-TU_en.pdf. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), large numbers of migrants die each year while being smuggled by land or sea, and smuggled migrants on the move may face hardships, including starvation and psychologically challenging circumstances. See Helena Nygren-Krug, “International Migration, Health and Human Rights”, Health and Human Rights Publication Series, No. 4, WHO, 2003.