A/77/290 economic policy. These are widely considered to be inimical to social welfare and investment in cultural policies. International financial and development institutions are criticized for not giving any consideration to cultural rights in their sustainable development projects, 81 an issue that the Special Rapporteur will address in her next report to the General Assembly. VI. Challenges and violations of cultural rights in the name of development A. Land-grabbing, displacement and cultural heritage appropriation and destruction 63. The Special Rapporteur is unfortunately used to receiving worrying reports on development used for or resulting in the eradication of the cultural identify of local populations, in particular through land-grabbing, forced displacement and resettlement, and the destruction of cultural heritage. She and her predecessor in the mandate have sent many communications in the past to States to address this issue. 82 64. Submissions received have also included allegations of such practices in Tibet, for example, through the compulsory resettlement of nomad farmers and herders, making them dependent on governmental support; the discrediting of the community’s lifestyle, aspirations and beliefs and their knowledge of protecting wildlife and nature; and the creation of parks and reserves that exclude human activities and residence. 83 65. Many complaints relate to displacement and the grabbing of indigenous and other peoples’ land. The Batwa, in Uganda, were reportedly evicted from their ancestral forests owing to the creation of a national park – the Bwindi Impenetrable National Park – in 1991, and they fell into poverty. Following the pursuit of target 8.9 of the Sustainable Development Goals, to promote sustainable tourism that creates jobs and promotes local culture and products, the Batwa saw their culture reduced to a tourist attraction. They now only experience their culture through its performance for a foreign, tourist gaze, all in the name of profit. In addition, the Batwa are not even benefiting from the programme funds. 84 66. Other examples of negative effects include land-clearing and the failure to obtain the free, prior and informed consent of concerned communities. In South Africa, it is alleged that a key “sustainable development” project focusing on energy, metallurgy, manufacturing, agroprocessing and logistics violates local rights. 85 In the United States of America, fossil fuel exploration and the construction of pipelines have repetitively undermined the rights of local populations. 86 In Kenya, development projects have reportedly led to the massive displacement of people without adequate compensation or consultation. Projects have been insensitive to people’s grave sites and have moved people without resettling them in a manner that would enable them __________________ 81 82 83 84 85 86 22-12659 Contributions of the Grupo de Trabajo sobre Derechos Culturales, p. 4, and the British Institute of International and Comparative Law, p. 1. See communications JAL ATG 1/2021 and JAL BHS 1/2021; JAL BGD 6/2018; JAL BRA 2/2018; JAL CAN 2/2022; JAL CHN 16/2018; JAL CIV 1/2017; JAL GEO 1/2014; JUA ISR 7/2020; JAL LAO 1/2016; JAL TZA 3/2021; JUA PAK 1/2016; JAL TUR 5/2016 and JAL TUR 13/2018; JUA USA 14/2016 and JUA USA 7/2016; and JUA VNM 3/2014. Contribution of the International Campaign for Tibet, p. 3. Contribution of Land Body Ecologies, pp. 3 and 4. Contribution of Natural Justice and Earthlife Africa. See communications UA USA 14/2016, OL USA 7/2016 and AL USA 16/2020. 17/24