    million people, around 1.5 million Anatolian Greeks and 500,000 Muslims in Greece.(see also the exchange of Greek and Turkish Populations, Advisory Opinion of the Permanent Court of International Justice, 1925). In other instances, minorities were either dispersed or over layered with other populations, and sometimes territories inhabited by minorities were ceded or 'transferred' to undermine minority consciousness. During the Second World War, these techniques changed to crude methods involving extermination of minorities by genocide and forcible transfer of populations, including the implantation of settlers. While the events of the First World War led to the development of Minority treaties as a specialized regime for protecting minorities, the forerunner to the modern concept of human rights, the Second World War led to the development of an inclusive regime of protection, inclusive of minorities, anchored in human rights flowing from the UN Charter, and the 1949 Geneva Conventions concerning international humanitarian law. The sad experience of forcible transfer of populations during the Second World War prompted the prohibition, with certain exceptions, in the 4th Geneva Convention of forcible population transfer and implantation of settlers in Occupied Territories. Forcible transfer of populations also became a grave breach of international humanitarian law. The modern concept of displacement at least in the context of armed conflict has its origins in the forcible transfer of populations, which affected minorities in particular. As part of this development, in 1977, Additional Protocol II to the Geneva Conventions made explicit, again with certain exceptions, the prohibition of displacement for reasons related to the conflict in internal armed conflicts. It is this background that informs the situation of minorities in humanitarian crises from the perspective of displacement. As general as a context that may be, this discussion paper itself is limited to the