CRC/C/PER/CO/3 page 16 the Prevention of Juvenile Delinquency (the Riyadh Guidelines), the United Nations Rules for the Protection of Juveniles Deprived of Their Liberty and the Vienna Guidelines for Action on Children in the Criminal Justice System; and the recommendations of the Committee made at its day of general discussion on juvenile justice (CRC/C/46, paras. 203-238). In this regard, the Committee recommends that the State party: (a) country; Establish juvenile courts with appropriately trained staff throughout the (b) Establish a functional system of socio-educational measures and ensure that deprivation of liberty is used only as a measure of last resort and for the shortest appropriate period of time; (c) Improve the conditions of detention of persons below 18, notably by complying with the international standards as to surface area, ventilation, fresh air, natural and artificial light, proper food, drinking water and hygienic conditions; (d) Establish an independent child-sensitive and accessible system for the reception and processing of complaints by children and investigate, prosecute and punish any case of mistreatment committed; (e) Ensure that children deprived of their liberty remain in regular contact with their families while in the juvenile justice system, notably by informing parents when their child is detained; (f) Provide training for penitentiary staff on children’s rights and special needs; (g) Request technical assistance in the area of juvenile justice and police training from, inter alia, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), UNICEF and the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). Children belonging to indigenous groups 73. The Committee, while acknowledging the State party’s efforts in this respect, notes with concern that indigenous communities continue to face serious difficulties in the enjoyment of their rights, especially economic, social and cultural rights. In particular, the Committee is concerned about the lack of recognition of their land rights, pillaging of their resources, inadequate access to basic services, health and education, social exclusion and discrimination. 74. The Committee recommends that the State party pursue measures to effectively address the gap in life opportunities of indigenous children, and take adequate measures in order to provide protection for the rights of indigenous children as contained in the Constitution taking into due account the recommendations adopted by the Committee on its Day of General Discussion on the rights of indigenous children in September 2003.