E/CN.4/1992/52 page 121 which openly assert that they are at war with Israel. Israel, in contrast with her neighbours, relies primarily on civilian reservists, both men and women who are mobilized in times of necessity. Therefore, Israel's vital need to mobilize its limited population to serve as a reserve force." The Italian Government did not reply specifically to the questionnaire but referred to a document concerning conscientious objection, which says among other things: "In Italy conscientious objectors are covered by the Act of 15 December 1972, No. 772, and by the Decree of the President of the Republic of 28 November 1977, No. 1139, containing rules on the application of the Act itself. On the basis of these provisions, any citizen liable to military service who declares that for compelling reasons of conscience he is opposed in all circumstances to the personal use of weapons is entitled to submit a special request to be allowed to do civilian service instead of military service. The status of conscientious objector is recognized by a decree of the Ministry of Defence after a compulsory previous opinion by a special board, in accordance with article 4 of Act 772/72, appointed by the Minister himself. The duration of civilian service is fixed at 12 months, following decision No. 470/89 of the Constitutional Court, declaring that article 5, paragraph 1, of Act 772/72 was unconstitutional in providing for a period of civilian service eight months longer than the duration of military service. Civilian service is performed with bodies, organizations and institutions approved by the administration of the Ministry of Defence in the areas of assistance, education, civil protection, and safeguard and development of the national forests. Conscientious objectors are treated in the same way for all purposes as those doing military service, except in any matters relating to disciplinary and penal questions. In decision No. 113/86, the Constitutional Court did in fact decide that article 11 of Act 772/72 was unconstitutional in making conscientious objectors subject to the jurisdiction of military courts. Once they are recognized as conscientious objectors, young conscripts lose their status as members of the armed forces and any offences committed in the course of civilian service are dealt with by the ordinary criminal courts." Luxembourg "Luxembourg has no compulsory military service."