CONTENTS Page Introduction ............................................................................. 1 I. DEFINITIONS .................................................................. 2 A. Who are minorities under international law? ......................... 2 B. Are indigenous peoples considered to be minorities? .............. 3 C. Do minority rights apply to non-citizens? ............................... 4 D. What is the relationship between minorities, non-citizens and stateless persons? ............................................................... 5 II. SCOPE OF MINORITY RIGHTS PROTECTION .............. 7 A. Survival and existence ........................................................ 7 B. Promotion and protection of the identity of minorities .............. 8 C. Equality and non-discrimination ............................................ 8 D. Effective and meaningful participation .................................. 12 III. MINORITY RIGHTS PROTECTION UNDER INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LAW .................... 14 A. Main sources of minority rights ............................................ 14 B. Additional sources of minority rights ..................................... 17 IV. INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS MECHANISMS AVAILABLE TO ADDRESS ISSUES CONCERNING MINORITIES ................................................................. 19 A. Human rights treaty bodies .................................................. 19 B. Human rights special procedures .......................................... 21 C. Human Rights Council mechanisms ....................................... 24 D. ILO mechanisms ................................................................. 25 E. UNESCO mechanisms ........................................................ 26 iii