A/RES/73/155 Rights of the child schools and/or hospitals and related personnel and in patterns of abduction of children, as well as in all other violations and abuses against children, to take time bound and effective measures to end and prevent them and to encourage age - and gender-specific support services, including psychological, social and sexual and reproductive health-care services, and education, social protection and reintegration programmes, and notes in this regard the adoption by the Security Council of resolution 2427 (2018) of 9 July 2018; 48. Condemns in the strongest terms rape and other forms of sexual violence committed against children in armed conflict, expresses deep concern at mass and systematic rape and sexual violence committed against children in armed conflict, in some instances calculated to humiliate, dominate, instil fear in and disperse and/or forcibly displace a population, calls upon all States and relevant United Nations bodies and agencies and regional organizations to take all necessary measures to prevent and address such acts of violence and ensure full accountability on this issue, as well as on the issue of sexual exploitation and abuse of children in United Nations peacekeeping operations, and urges States to adopt appropriate national legislation to prevent such crimes, as well as mass abductions and sexual and gender-based violence, and to ensure their rigorous investigation and prosecution; 49. Expresses its deep concern about attacks, as well as threats of attack, in contravention of international humanitarian law, against schools and/or hospitals and related personnel, as well as the closure of schools and hospitals in situations of armed conflict as a result of attacks and threats of attack, recalls that all parties to armed conflict bear the primary responsibility for the protection of children, recalls the obligation to refrain from attacking schools and hospitals, in contravention of international humanitarian law, and to take all feasible precautionary measures to protect civilians from such attacks, in particular schoolchildren, and urges all parties to armed conflict to refrain from actions that impede the access of children to education and health-care services; 50. Calls upon all Member States to ensure that children associated or allegedly associated with armed groups should be treated primarily as victims and in line with the best interests of the child, and to consider non-judicial measures as alternatives to prosecution and detention and take measures that focus on rehabilitation and reintegration in an environment that fosters the health, self -respect and dignity of the child, in accordance with relevant provisions of international humanitarian law, as well as human rights law, in particular the Convention on the Rights of the Child; 51. Calls upon States to protect children affected by armed conflict, in particular from violations of international humanitarian law and human rights law, and to ensure that they receive timely, effective humanitarian assistance, noting the efforts taken to end impunity by ensuring accountability and punishing perpetrators, and calls upon the international community to hold those responsible for violations accountable, inter alia, through the International Criminal Court; 52. Recalls that, in accordance with international humanitarian law, indiscriminate attacks against civilians, including children, are prohibited and that they shall not be the object of attack, including by way of reprisal or excessive use of force, condemns practices resulting in the killing and maiming of children, demands that all parties immediately put an end to such attacks, and urges all parties to armed conflict to comply with their obligations under international humanitarian law, in particular the principles of distinction, proportionality and the obligation to take all feasible precautions to avoid and, in any event, minimize harm to civilians and civilian objects; 14/17 18-22250