A/77/549 D. Dispossession of Indigenous and Afro-descendant peoples 57. As noted in the Special Rapporteur’s report on global extractivism, Indigenous and Afro-descendant peoples are frequently on the front lines of extractive projects, and thus bear an outsized risk of harm from environmental degradation. At the same time, climate change threatens indigenous peoples in the Pacific, the America s, the Caribbean, Asia and Africa with the loss of their homelands. The profusion of extractive projects and the subsequent emission of greenhouse gases can be attributed to the systematic dispossession of Indigenous and Afro-descendant peoples and the denial of their lands and right to self-determination. 58. According to one submission, 109 in Brazil, Sapê do Norte, certified as protected “quilombos” territory, has been the home of quilombo communities since 1960. Inhabitants of this region have been experiencing a drastic reduction in biodiversity, large-scale deforestation, drying up of streams and filling of springs, death of animals and high dumping of pesticides in the water and soil, owing to highway construction, agribusiness attacks, installation of a gas pipeline by Petrobras, and the rupture of the Fundão dam, operated by Samarco. The construction of the Alcântara Launch Center over the largest quilombola territory in Brazil resulted in the mandatory removal of 312 quilombola families, and more continue to be displaced across the country. 59. In another submission, grave human rights violations against the Chepang Indigenous community in Nepal were reported, including construction and development in their territories without free, prior informed con sent, destruction of their homes and livelihood and brutal violence against community members. 110 Notwithstanding the promulgation of laws intended to protect Indigenous peoples in Nepal, one submission highlights the absence of dedicated resources to give effect to these laws. It reported the case of the Sonaha and Haliya communities, who remain outside of the government framework intended to protect Indigenous communities. 111 E. Eco-fascism 60. An ideological strand of racism known as “eco-fascism” has been observed in far-right and neo-Nazi circles around the world. 112 The eco-fascist movement targets racially marginalized groups and ethnic and national minorities and excluded groups as scapegoats for environmental problems. They also utilize environmental concerns to support generalized xenophobia. Eco-fascist rhetoric has been associated with white supremacist terrorism, in particular in settler-colonial nations. The Christchurch, El Paso and Buffalo shootings in New Zealand and the United St ates, which were explicitly targeted at racially marginalized peoples, were linked to eco-fascist rhetoric. 113 __________________ 109 110 111 112 113 18/24 Submission from the Coalition of Black Brazilians for Rights. Submission from FIAN. Submission from FIAN Nepal (Dalits). Submission from European Network against Racism. Kate Aronoff, “The Buffalo shooter and the rise of ecofascist extremists”, The New Republic, 2022. 22-24043