A/77/549 calls on States “to provide effective mechanisms for just and fair redress for any such activities, and appropriate measures shall be taken to mitigate adverse environmental, economic, social, cultural or spiritual impact”. B. Racially discriminatory denial of economic and social rights, the right to self-determination and principles related to the right to development 50. In many national contexts, environmental injustice is often analysed in terms of socioeconomic inequities with limited attention to racial and ethnic in equities, and there is widespread resistance to collection of data disaggregated on racial and ethnic bases. 97 Without discounting the importance of poverty, gender, age and other social characteristics in exposing communities to environmental and climate change harms, discrimination on the grounds of race, colour, descent and national and ethnic origin remains a critical determinant of climate and environmental harms experienced by individuals and communities. Systemic racial discrimination results in econ omic marginalization, and in many places racially, ethnically and nationally marginalized groups are trapped in low-income brackets. The economic marginalization of racially marginalized peoples plays a major role in constraining their control over the development of their communities and their exposure to toxic waste and climate disasters. Relatedly, racially marginalized peoples frequently lack true self determination over economic development that occurs on or near their communities, making them frequent victims of racial sacrifice zones created by national authorities or transnational corporations. 51. In a submission from a coalition of civil society organizations in Haiti, it was explained that those most harmed by climate change and environmental degradation are frequently peyizan (peasant farmers), rural women and residents of poor urban communities. 98 Haiti is considered one of the five countries most affected by the climate crisis globally, yet it has contributed only approximately 0.003 per cent to global greenhouse gas emissions. Furthermore, the history of racialized economic and political domination of Haiti by imperial powers is well known and has contributed immensely to its contemporary economic conditions. 99 According to predictions, the effects of climate change will eventually double the length of the dry season in Haiti, while floods and hurricanes are likely to increase. Haitians face the prospect of declining agricultural livelihoods, malnutrition and severe mental and physical health im pacts. 52. In submissions from the United States it was noted how Black, Latinx and Indigenous communities are disproportionately more likely to live in communities near contamination hotspots, owing to the legacy of economic marginalization, segregation, slavery and colonialism. They are more likely to face the effects of pesticide poisoning owing to economic marginalization that concentrates poor, racially marginalized peoples in dangerous agricultural labour. While transnational corporations continue their industrial activities, residents are often unable to achieve accountability using local or state government forums. In other parts of the country, companies continue plans to extract and transport fossil fuels over Indigenous territories and sacred lands, fully supported by international financial actors eager to derive profits from fossil fuels. 100 In these scenarios, marginalization along economic and political lines has prevented Black, Latino and Indigenous Peoples from exercising their right to development and asserting their right to self -determination. As a result, __________________ 97 98 99 100 16/24 Submission from European Network against Racism. Submission from the Global Justice Clinic. See A/74/321. Submission from Saldamando. 22-24043