E/CN.4/1997/91/Add.1 page 8 24. On the subject of untouchability, it is clear that the iniquitous system of castes, legally abolished but maintained in practice, gives rise to intolerance of this large category of Hindus. Some consider that this intolerance is based on religious principles inherent in Hinduism, according to which the untouchables are impure, whereas others consider that it reflects purely social considerations. Regardless of its basis, specific cases of this intolerance in the field of religion have been reported, particularly of untouchables being refused access to temples in remote rural areas. 25. Hindu extremism, on the other hand, is a flagrant manifestation of intolerance which seems to be explained by the denaturalization of the Hindu religion and its exploitation for political purposes. 26. However, the Special Rapporteur notes not only the existence of legislation and a policy resolutely directed at the abolition of untouchability, which at the present time is more of a social and economic problem, but also the fact that although Hindu extremism is certainly present, it is marginal and political and not religious. 27. The Jammu and Kashmir conflict has also, owing to anti-Hindu extremism, resulted in the expulsion of Hindus and their settlement in refugee camps. This conflict could affect Hindu tolerance of other communities. 28. Apart from these problematical questions, it would seem that the situation of Hindus and their relations with non-Hindus are in general positive. 29. The Special Rapporteur has in turn analysed the situation of the Christian, Muslim and Sikh minorities in their relations with the State and society, not only in the field of religion but also in other fields (political, socio-cultural, educational, professional, etc.) A. Situation of Muslims 30. Muslims constitute India's largest minority as well as the second largest Muslim community in the world after that of Indonesia and before that of Pakistan. 1. The religious field 31. The Special Rapporteur wanted to make an allowance, in analysing information on Jammu and Kashmir - owing to the special nature of this State which has the largest Muslim community - for the armed conflict which has been raging there for a number of years. In any event, the situation of Muslims in that State is clearly different from that of Muslims in other Indian States. (a) Religious practice and conduct of religious affairs 32. Referring to Indian States other than Jammu and Kashmir, the religious and lay representatives of the Muslim community as well as NGOs stated that they had not observed any action on the part of the authorities designed to restrict religious activities. They drew attention to their status as a legally recognized minority and the rights to which such recognition gave