MONITORING OF VIOLATIONS PEN International was the first organization to consistently document violations and attacks on writers. In 1960 PEN set up the Writers in Prison Committee at its headquarters in London to monitor attacks, to provide advice, and to coordinate PEN member advocacy on their behalf. Once a year PEN International publishes a case list of individual writers around the world who are detained or otherwise persecuted for their peaceful political activities or for the practice of their profession.15 Freemuse, established in 1999, initially focused on the censorship of music and musicians, and then expanded its work to all art forms in 2011. Freemuse publishes annually a report ‘The state of artistic freedom’16 with documentation of violations around the world. Freemuse has over the years even published a series of country reports and article compilations on violations of artistic freedom. ARTISTIC FREEDOM – THE LANDSCAPE The artistic freedom landscape has gradually changed since 2011; from consisting of relatively few key civil society organizations (CSOs) promoting and defending artistic freedom and inconsistent donor policies to a landscape, which might now be described as a sector. This diverse landscape consists of a mixture of organizations and institutions that directly or indirectly support artistic freedom from, for example, an informed arts standpoint. They take a professional human rights/free speech standpoint, and work for social innovation and development aims, for academic research purposes, and from the legal sector. What this means is that there are many differing responses to the same phenomenon. As such, it is important to recognize that each of these disciplines will have the expertise, deep understanding, and in some cases rigorous methodologies that have been developed over the years. They will also have a sound knowledge of relevant changes and trends in their spheres. In this sector, the key organizations/individuals, donors, policy makers and relevant UN organizations have continuous interaction and have developed a common understanding and promotion of the concept of artistic freedom, and in many cases have developed informal relations along the way. Academic studies on artistic freedom are few and far between but are becoming increasingly available. The University of Hildesheim, through its project ‘Arts Rights Justice’ provides the best overview of reports and studies.17 15 16 17 20 https://pen-international.org/who-we-are/case-lists https://freemuse.org/ https://www.uni-hildesheim.de/arts-rights-justice-library/tag/artistic-freedom/