A/HRC/16/45/Add.1 displacement of 56 persons. During late 2009, three major internal displacements were recorded by AFRODES as a consequence of intensive aerial fumigations, Colombian army operations, and confrontations with illegal armed groups. On 2 March 2010, combat between the military and FARC allegedly caused displacement of 576 Afro-Colombians in the municipality of López de Micay, Cauca. Fumigation in January 2010 reportedly caused the displacement of 48 people to the Municipality of Guapí. 41. In Chocó in 2010, confrontations between armed groups caused forced displacement in Antioquia. On 5 January, 96 persons of the Afro-Colombian Community Puerto Luis in Alto Baudó were displaced due to confrontations between army forces and National Liberation Army guerrillas. On 15 and 16 February, 11 families were forcibly displaced in the rural area of Barrancón at Urrao municipality in Antioquia due to combats between military forces and FARC guerrillas. On 29 March, 234 members of the Dipurdú community in Medio San Juan in Chocó were forcibly displaced as a consequence of intimidation by “Los Rastrojos”, a new illegal armed group. On 17 April roughly 100 AfroColombian persons abandoned their lands in Itsmina and San Juan towns, Chocó, due to confrontations between illegal armed groups. On 15 August, 180 Afro-Colombians of the Unión Berrecuy community at Medio Baudó were forcibly displaced after the kidnap of 3 members of their community and threats from Los Rastrojos. 42. The threat of displacement is ever present for other communities. During her visit to Buenaventura, community leaders informed the independent expert that expansion of port facilities, in a private/public partnership, will lead to displacement of approximately 3,400 families. Communities report that they have yet to be consulted. Afro-Colombian fishing communities are concerned that displacement away from coastal areas will restrict them from traditional fishing-based livelihoods. Communities fear that not all displaced families will be eligible for re-housing. Projects to build a new road connecting Buenaventura with the Pan-American Highway and expansion of a military base were also identified as potentially leading to displacements. 43. Displaced Afro-Colombians have little choice but to move to urban areas,, frequently inhospitable environments of poverty, discrimination and fear. Impoverished city neighbourhoods provide a fertile recruitment ground for armed groups who coerce young people living in poverty to join them. B. Afro-Colombian women’s experience of violence and displacement 44. Colombia’s Constitutional Court identified 13 risk factors making women affected by violence and displacement more vulnerable than men, including the risk of sexual violence, exploitation for their labour, and persecution for their membership in women’s organizations. Afro-Colombian, female, displaced and poor is a potentially fatal combination for discrimination, trauma and vulnerability. An NGO survey of displaced women found that the majority of displaced Afro-Colombians are women, many of whom are heads of households with children. During their displacement, women surveyed frequently reported physical aggression and sexual violence. Few victims register complaints due to fear or ignorance of channels of complaint. Afro-Colombian women in Suárez in Cauca described to the independent expert their experiences of forced labour, violence and rape committed by illegal armed groups. Many children were born as a consequence of rape and both mothers and children are ostracized within their communities. Women expressed their concerns regarding their children being forced and coerced into joining armed groups. 45. Afro-Colombian women who serve in leadership roles in their communities reported lack of recognition and disrespect for their roles from Government officials called upon to protect them and asserted that threats against them are not given the same credence given to 11