under-educated, underpaid and under-employed because of discrimination or hindered access, whether intentional or not, the economy of the entire country or region may suffer, with possible adverse consequences for members of the majority and neighbouring countries as well. In addition, when persons belonging to national minorities feel marginalized and trapped in poverty, they may feel resentment of the authorities or of the majority, which in turn can give rise to conflict. In an evolving global society in which questions of diversity intersect with social and economic considerations, ensuring the inclusive and effective participation of national minorities in social and economic life has never been more pertinent. This is not merely a matter of social justice, it is crucial for our stability, peace and prosperity. Recognizing the intricate balance of challenges, opportunities and potential benefits that this engagement entails, the present Recommendations serve as a comprehensive approach to guide policymakers in OSCE participating States towards the holistic integration, participation and equitable treatment of persons belonging to national minorities in their societies. To provide clarity and facilitate actionable steps, the Recommendations are structured into distinct sections. The foundational General Principles section elucidates the core approaches and philosophies emphasizing the significance of minority participation in the larger framework of societal peace, equality and prosperity. It articulates the overarching need for States to build an environment that is legally robust against any forms of discrimination and that enables equal social and economic opportunities. Additionally, it underscores the imperative of proactive and fair resource allocation to foster true equality between majority and minority groups. Diving deeper into the structural realm, the Policies, Processes and Institutions section provides a detailed roadmap for the establishment, reinforcement and consistent implementation of policies. It offers insights into creating institutional frameworks that not only safeguard but also actively prioritize and represent the unique interests and needs of national minorities in various sectors of governance, decision-making and the development of society. Public Goods and Services addresses the tangible pillars of daily life and participation in social and economic life, highlighting the importance of equality in access. From education and housing to health care and employment, it acknowledges and seeks to address the distinct challenges and barriers that national minorities often encounter in their access to these public goods. The Recommendations aim to 6 Recommendations on the Effective Participation of National Minorities in Social and Economic Life