E/2016/43 E/C.19/2016/11 groups during conflicts. In many cases, indigenous women have been used as the “spoils of war” and subjected to sexual violence and rape. Indigenous children are sometimes forcibly recruited to participate in armed conflicts, leaving behind their homes and their childhood. 50. The Permanent Forum held two interactive discussions on the theme. The Forum invited the panellists to share examples of the kinds of conflict that indigenous peoples, including indigenous women, were facing around the world. The outcomes of the panel discussions are outlined in the recommendations below. 51. States should take effective measures to eliminate violence against indigenous peoples by studying the root causes of conflict and human rights abuses, developing indicators and methodologies for risk assessment and early warning mechanisms and improving national legislation for the administration of justice with regard to the perpetrators of war crimes. 52. Consistent with articles 7 and 30 of the United Nations Declaration, States should take measures for settlement, protection and security in the post -conflict period, and for the construction of durable and lasting peace, promoting the full and effective inclusion of indigenous peoples, including indigenous women, in any initiative for peace and reconciliation. 53. The Permanent Forum notes that a key message of the 2016 session was the need to combat pervasive violations against indigenous human rights defenders, including criminalization, persecution, violence, imprisonment and killing. 54. The United Nations Institute for Training and Research established training on peace and conflict resolution for indigenous peoples in 2000 at indigenous peoples ’ request. It is one of the most important human rights training programmes in the United Nations system that examines the root causes of conflict. 55. The Permanent Forum urges Member States to contribute support to make possible the annual UNITAR training programme to enhance the conflict prevention and peacemaking capacities of indigenous peoples’ representatives so as to strengthen indigenous capacity to engage in negotiation, dialogue and peace processes to contribute to sustainable peace. 56. The Permanent Forum emphasizes that the protection, security and rights of indigenous girls and women in conflict settings constitute an urgent priority, including within the framework of Security Council resolution 1325 (2000) on women and peace and security. 57. Sexual and gender-based violence increases in settings of conflict. Sexual violence has also been used systematically as a weapon of war against indigen ous women. In the light of the particular risks and vulnerabilities of indigenous women and girls relating to sexual and gender-based violence, the Permanent Forum recommends that Governments, local authorities, specialized agencies of the United Nations system and civil society collaborate with indigenous peoples to establish multisectoral and holistic approaches to combat the various forms of violence against women and girls. 58. Consistent with article 7 of the United Nations Declaration, the Permanent Forum recommends that the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights urgently establish an independent international commission to investigate the assassination of Berta Cáceres and Nelson Garcia of the Lenca people of Honduras. 14/23 16-08740