A/80/496 47. Soft law standards have further expanded on the steps that States should take to meet their obligations under international human rights and humanitarian laws. The Durban Declaration and Programme of Action elaborated on the steps that States need to take to ensure the eradication of all forms of racial discrimination. It recognizes the connection between racial discrimination and conflict, including through an emphasis on the centrality of equality and non-discrimination in post-conflict reconciliation. 48. The 2005 Basic Principles and Guidelines on the Right to a Remedy and Reparation for Victims of Gross Violations of International Human Rights Law and Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law are also particularly relevant to peace, reconciliation and justice in conflict situations. The Guidelines set out five main elements of remedy and reparations for human rights violations: restitution; compensation; rehabilitation; satisfaction; and guarantees of non -repetition. It is explained in the guidelines that the principle of guarantee of non-repetition plays a part in preventing human rights violations. Guarantees of non-repetition has been interpreted as an obligation not only to ensure that individual victims do not suffer the same treatment again, but also to systematically ensure, through measures such as legislation and training and awareness-raising, that similar violations do not take place in the future. It is stated in the Guidelines that they must be implemented in a non-discriminatory manner. 66 V. Conclusions and recommendations 49. Violent conflict has intensified in recent years and rages around the world. Moreover, there is a grave risk that such conflict will further increase in the coming years. It is projected that, by 2030, more than half of the people living in poverty will live in countries affected by high levels of violence. 67 As well as becoming more prevalent, violent conflicts, both within and between States, are becoming more protracted and increasingly complex, often involving a range of non -State actors. Contemporary conflicts are also becoming more interconnected with other major global challenges, including inequality and a lack of sustainable development for all, climate change, natural disasters, cybersecurity threats and transnational organized crime. 50. The human rights-related impact of intensifying conflict is devastating. Interconnections between racial discrimination, including systemic racism, and violent conflict and its consequences are complex, layered and multidimensional. The powerful and destructive interconnectedness of conflict and racial discrimination contravenes both equality and non-discrimination and the maintenance of international peace and security as foundational norms of the United Nations, the post-World War Two international order and international law. The status quo, whereby conflict and racial discrimination reinforce each another, deepening the exclusion of and harm to racialized groups, is unacceptable and cannot be sustained. Significantly increasing investment in anti-racism and conflict prevention and resolution, as interconnected and mutually reinforcing goals, is vital and highly urgent. 51. The Special Rapporteur, while welcoming the findings and recommendations of some human rights entities on the topic of racial discrimination and conflict, 68 observes that the topic has not been extensively explored by either human rights or peace and security entities. In the current geopolitical context, it is urgent and important to ensure that the connection between racial discrimination and conflict be __________________ 66 67 68 25-16958 See General Assembly resolution 60/147. United Nations and World Bank, Pathways for Peace. See, for example, A/HRC/60/79; Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, general recommendation No. 35 (2013); and various concluding observations of the Committee. 17/21