A/HRC/59/63 outlines events in which glorification of Francoism and Nazism has reportedly occurred in Spain, including protests espousing antisemitic rhetoric. 54. The submission also provided an analysis of measures taken by the Government of Spain to combat glorification of the Francoist regime. The submission contains recommendations for strengthening these efforts, including stronger regulation of hate speech and extremist organizations, and proactive campaigns to counteract extremism and promote tolerance and coexistence. Brazilian Campaign for the Right to Education 55. In its submission, the Brazilian Campaign for the Right to Education reported that it had been monitoring and combating the rise of ultraconservatism and extremist threats to education in Brazil. It reported that school attacks were driven by intolerance and extremist ideologies (e.g. racism, misogyny, fascism and Nazism) and that online recruitment of socially isolated young males, often through extremist, misogynist and racist content, played a critical role. It reported that the root causes of these attacks included online hate speech, extremist content, and lack of digital regulation; gun culture, glorification of violence, and poor school environments; social inequality, inadequate educational infrastructure, and institutional microaggressions; lack of training for educators in conflict mediation; and the rise in cyberbullying, aided by anonymity and digital platforms. It reported that all the attackers had been male, often socially isolated offline but active in extremist online communications, and that involvement in neo-Nazi subcultures had been documented. It also reported that the platforms used for recruitment and content-sharing included Twitter, Instagram, TikTok and Discord. 56. The Brazilian Campaign for the Right to Education advocated for the dismantling of hate groups and for support for at-risk youth, the regulation of firearms and the monitoring of shooting clubs, holding digital platforms accountable for extremists’ content, updating laws related to hate crimes and bullying, and the improvement of school environments and the provision of mental health support. Brazilian National Human Rights Council 57. The Brazilian National Human Rights Council reported the growth of manifestations of extremism in Brazil, especially those linked to neo-Nazi ideologies. In its submission, the Council reported that organized groups, whose views were often articulated through digital networks, had been disseminating hate speech, intolerance and violence – both symbolic and material – directed at social minorities, including people of African descent, Indigenous Peoples, Jews, the LGBTQIAPN+ population, and immigrants, as well as targeting Brazilian democracy. 58. The Council provided information on data from the Federal Police, which records an increase of 242 per cent in complaints of Nazi propaganda in the period from 2020 to 2024. The Council also provided examples of neo-Nazi activities. The Council advocates for a national policy to combat neo-Nazi acts and the adoption of bills to combat neo-Nazism that are currently before the National Congress. The Council also reported that there were political movements seeking to make it more difficult for society and the State to scrutinize neo-Nazi practices, and cited the example of a current bill that seeks to criminalize people who identify the existence of neo-Nazi speeches. Castan Centre 59. The Castan Centre reported an escalation in discrimination, vilification and intolerance in Australia, including Nazism and neo-Nazism. It noted ongoing racism against Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, alongside a recent spike in antisemitic and anti-Muslim incidents, such as attacks on places of worship, schools, homes and cars. The Castan Centre provided information about neo-Nazi marches in Australia and about a 7 per cent decline in public support for migration since 2022. It also reported an increase in tensions, hate speech and incitement to violence on university campuses, with Islamophobic incidents increasing 39-fold since 7 October 2023. GE.25-07709 9