The role of States in protecting minority rights is paramount – the most difficult situation arises where States are themselves may be complicit in the loss of minority land or livelihoods, whether for political reasons or economic ones. The role of solidarity groups and international action can be crucial. Government and national private investors must respect the right of minorities to choose their own priorities for development and ensure transparency and prior informed consent when designing and implementing development projects including resource extraction. Post-conflict transitional justice particularly requires recognizing the collective property and land rights of displaced populations and ensuring legal aid, capacity building, resources and infrastructure, especially in developing country contexts. Labour rights have also been highlighted as a key component of equality. However, minorities have tended not to benefit from fundamental labour rights and freedom of association. Minorities are traditionally under-represented in unionized professions. Work place discrimination continues to be rampant and a number of speakers noted that differentials in pay and promotions are not fully explained by education. Minority women are doubly disadvantaged in this regard. Active policies against such discrimination and effective implementation are essential. From a human rights perspective, social protection is not a policy option but a human rights obligation, especially for disadvantaged and vulnerable groups. Conditional cash transfer programmes have become the policy of