A/73/205 minority, citizenship of the new country or with a change of borders t hat includes new populations. This is the case for some of the larger stateless populations, such as the Russian minority in Estonia and Latvia and (previously) the Biharis of Bangladesh. In addition, the break-up of Czechoslovakia left thousands of Roma with a citizenship status disputed by both successor States; (c) Requirements for documentary evidence establishing citizenship may give rise to the existence of nomadic minorities or indigenous populations, in part because of their lifestyles or their isolated locations (often near borders), who may operate largely outside the reach of the State authorities and therefore have no documentation to support their citizenship claims. Among these are some of the Roma in Europe, the seafaring Moken of Myanmar and Thailand and the Tuaregs of northern Africa; (d) Arbitrary, onerous and other requirements can at times be imposed on populations from a particular region (and thus disproportionally affect particular minorities), religion, ethnicity or language, creating de facto obstacles for certain minorities when it comes to proving, maintaining or obtaining citizenship. The Lhotshampa of Bhutan and some Kurds in the Syrian Arab Republic were subjected to such types of requirements; (e) Conflicts and refugee movements can often lead to individuals fleeing their State of origin and either losing or being unable to prove their previous citizenship and being unable to acquire new citizenship in their country of refuge. These populations, many of whom are minorities, may face barriers to the issuance of birth and other civil registration documents. Palestinians and Syrians, for example, fit into this category; (f) The historical denial of citizenship is a final pattern that occurs when a particular segment of a State’s population has always been excluded from citizenship. For example, the Bidun were not granted citizenship in Kuwait upon the country ’s independence, nor were, initially, the so-called “estate” or “plantation” Tamils in Sri Lanka; 14 (g) Stripping of citizenship ostensibly involves reasons of national security or to combat terrorist threats. Specific individuals are targeted by the State authorities through judicial or administrative processes. In some situations, there may be a discriminatory or arbitrary dimension to such exceptional processes, affecting in particular members of certain minorities. 38. There can, of course, be other situations leading to individuals becoming stateless, although the numbers involved would tend to be relatively low, such a s in the case of gaps in citizenship laws, where a child may be born outside a parent ’s home country and the country of birth recognizes only jus sanguinis (citizenship by descent) and the home country only jus soli (citizenship by birth). 39. The above patterns, which underpin most situations of statelessness around the world, do not in and of themselves necessarily involve breaches of international human rights obligations. There are, in addition, various human rights obligations that may be relevant, although it is clear that at least in the situations of large -scale __________________ 14 18-12048 Numbering some 300,000 in 2003, this Sri Lankan minority was largely stateless. Legislation and other measures have led to one of the few cases of mass statelessness, along with the Biharis in Bangladesh, being resolved. The legislation passed in October 2003 granted to all stateless persons of Indian origin who had lived in Sri Lanka since 30 October 1964, and their descendants, Sri Lankan citizenship upon request. Another successful move to stamp out statelessness among minorities occurred when steps, including the introduction of a new citizenship law and mobile teams for remote regions to issue citizenship certificates, were taken by the authorities in Nepal from 2006 to address the statelessness of more than 2 million peopl e among the Madhesi, Dalit and Janajati minorities. 11/19