A/72/186 practices and has made country-specific recommendations. The respective Special Rapporteurs have expressed their concerns over the lack of access by indige nous peoples to appropriate basic public services as well as the distressing disparities between the overall social and economic condition of indigenous peoples and that of the non-indigenous population in both developing and developed countries. 45 38. Adequate policies must meet two basic criteria: they should conform to the international human rights standards on indigenous peoples; and they should be developed in cooperation with them and with their full participation, with the aim of strengthening their self-determination. 46 This may require a reinterpretation of the concept of development in the light of the Declaration, ensuring that the agency of indigenous peoples as development actors is recognized in the reconceptualization of the issues classically addressed by public policies such as economic development, health or education. Public policies that do not conform with international human rights standards on the rights of indigenous peoples are likely to further violate those rights. 39. Within this context, it is essential to consider the link between poverty, in all its dimensions, and the violation of the right to self -determination. It is also essential to consider the centrality of the rights of indigenous peoples to their lands, territories and resources to ensuring their enjoyment of all their human rights. In this sense, it must be stressed that there has been more progress in the adoption of measures related to certain social and cultural rights than in those concerning effective recognition and respect of indigenous peoples’ rights to self-government and to their lands, territories and natural resources. 40. Public policies should address the underlying causes of poverty and marginalization that indigenous peoples suffer as a result of the de nial of their rights. They should also be considered as elements of the coordinated and systematic action States should develop to ensure that indigenous peoples enjoy their collective and individual human rights, and not as marginal, stand -alone initiatives dependent on available funding. The mandate holder has observed positive examples of public policies to implement indigenous rights on different sectoral issues, such as for example the National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Plan 2013-2023 which affirms that it adopts a human rights-based approach informed by the Declaration. 47 Other examples include the Whanau Ora policy in New Zealand; the bilingual intercultural education programme in Panama and the policies for the protection of indigenous peoples in isolation and recent contact in Bolivia and Ecuador. In El Salvador the recently adopted national policy on indigenous peoples considers the Declaration as its framework. Canada is undertaking a review of its policies to ensure coherence wit h the Declaration, and dialogue processes with indigenous peoples on public policies are ongoing in Costa Rica or Paraguay. 41. There is a continuous need to review policies and align them with the Declaration. The commitment made at the World Conference on Indigenous Peoples by Member States to develop and implement, in cooperation with indigenous peoples, national action plans, strategies and other measures to achieve the ends of the Declaration 48 provides an opportunity to reverse the current situation a nd __________________ 45 46 47 48 17-12399 See for example mission reports of the Special Rapporteur on visits to Colombia (2009); Nepal (2009); Australia (2010, 2017); the Republic of the Congo (2011); New Zealand (2011); the United States of America (2012); and Canada (2014). See A/HRC/27/52; and A/65/264. See www.health.gov.au/internet/publications/publishing.nsf/Content/oatsih -healthplantoc~framework. General Assembly resolution 69/2, paras. 7 and 8. 11/23