 Adoption of a report in 2003 on the issue of the rights of indigenous populations in Africa (concepts, characteristics, categorisation)  Advisory opinion on the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (May 2007)  Adoption of a document titled: Report on the constitutional and legal protection of the rights of Indigenous Peoples in 24 African countries in 2009 (in cooperation with the ILO)  To date: information and study visits in 14 State Parties where indigenous communities live, and drafting of recommendations to States and other parties concerned   3 regional awareness-raising seminars on the rights of indigenous populations/communities Monitoring mechanism for the implementation of the Maputo Protocol  States are obliged to incorporate in their periodic reports (which they present to the ACHPR, art 62 of the Charter and 26 of the Protocol) indications on legal and other measures they took to implement the rights recognised and guarantees to women.  States are committed to adopt all necessary measures and to allocate appropriate budgetary and other resources for the effective implementation of the rights recognised in the current Protocol  In reality, few State Parties respect this obligation to submit periodic reports to the ACHPR  States that ratified the Maputo Protocol and submit reports do not say anything about the implementation of guaranteed rights, which led the ACHPR to draft general guidelines regarding the presentation of reports under the Maputo Protocol Conclusion Challenges are enormous and the protection of the rights of women belonging to minorities is still insufficiently ensured because of several factors, in particular the lack of implementation of the international and regional human rights conventions. This situation is likely to carry on and even to worsen because of the conflicts that are tearing some countries as well as the food crisis that is hitting African States full in the face and that led to a serious famine in the Horn of Africa.