A/73/176 approaches, development for indigenous peoples might not take the same form as mainstream development processes. 52. The dual aim of overcoming discrimination and ensuring self -determined development can be achieved only by guaranteeing the involvement of indigenous peoples themselves in the implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals. Evidence is emerging that development programmes that maximize indigenous peoples’ ability to participate in decision-making and implementation perform better than those controlled by external actors. Studies by the Harvard Project on American Indian Economic Development showcase numerous examples of successful indigenous-run development programmes that consistently outperform those of external decision makers on matters as diverse as governmental for m, natural resource management, economic development, health care and social service provision. This has also been demonstrated in the context of conservation (see A/71/229) and in other cases, as evidenced by the concrete examples outlined below. 53. The 2030 Agenda is a framework grounded in human rights, 12 and direct references are made therein to indigenous peoples, including in the Goals that relate to ending hunger through sustainable agriculture (Goal 2) and ensuring equal access to education (Goal 4). Nevertheless, prior to the adoption of the Agenda, indigenous peoples had advocated for even stronger recognition of their rights, including their right to self-governance and self-determination, as affirmed in the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. In addition, they had called for stronger recognition of the cultural and collective dimensions of indigenous peoples ’ rights (see A/69/267). 13 54. Although there are no direct references to self-governance in the 2030 Agenda, there are some entry points relating to the participation of indigenous peoples. Under the Agenda, States committed themselves to empowering and engaging indigenous peoples in its implementation and in the review of progress in achieving its Goals (see General Assembly resolution 70/1, paras. 23, 25, 52 and 79). The principles guiding the follow-up and review processes are based on participation and accountability and should be open, inclusive, participatory and transparent, as well as people-centred and gender sensitive, with respect for human rights and with a particular focus on the poorest and most vulnerable (ibid., para. 74) . At the national level, States were encouraged to conduct regular and inclusive reviews of progress, in which the contributions of indigenous peoples were welcomed (ibid., para. 79). Since the adoption of the 2030 Agenda in 2015, States have annually reco nfirmed their commitments to ensuring that indigenous peoples participate in, contribute to and benefit without discrimination from the implementation of the Agenda and to giving due consideration to all the rights of indigenous peoples while implementing it (resolutions 70/232, 71/178 and 72/155). 55. Furthermore, Goal 16 aims to promote peaceful and inclusive soci eties for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels. Targets 16.6, on developing effective, accountable and transparent institutions, and 16.7, on ensuring responsiv e, inclusive, participatory and representative decision-making, at all levels, are relevant to indigenous peoples’ right to self-governance and participation. __________________ 12 13 18-11856 Of the 169 targets of the 2030 Agenda, 92 per cent are linked to human rights and 73 targets have significant links to the provisions outlined in the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (Danish Institute for Human Rights, The Human Rights Guide to the Sustainable Development Goals database. Available at http://sdg.humanrights.dk). See also OHCHR and the Secretariat of the Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues, “Indigenous peoples’ rights and the 2030 Agenda”, briefing note (September 2017). 13/23