A/HRC/25/56/Add.1 to community members to acquire and build on the site. Community members countered that they had not been fully aware of what the payments were for and would not voluntarily have agreed to quit their homes and land that they have occupied since 1904. Community representatives claimed that their land had been falsely classified as Category 2 land, namely, unoccupied and available for concession. The community added that, had this been the case, however, no payment would have been made to the community by the University. 48. The Independent Expert visited the neighbouring Bambili Tubah Sub Division, where houses belonging to the ethnic Bambili community had been demolished, reportedly by bulldozers sent by the administration of Mezam Division. Community members stated that they had not been consulted or given prior warning, and that lives may have been endangered. They did not know why their homes had been destroyed. Those affected remain homeless or live with neighbours, and were clearly distressed. The authorities reportedly claim that prior warning had been given and that the land had been designated as a resettlement site for the Mbororo due to be expelled from their homes on the neighbouring Mamada Estates (see paragraph 47). 49. High-profile land disputes involving Mbororo communities have drawn much media attention, including a long-standing dispute with Baba Ahmadu Danpullo, a prominent and wealthy individual rancher, in the North-West. The Government has taken steps to settle this and other disputes; for example, in 2003, it created a special interministerial commission to investigate the conflict between the landholder and the Mbororo. The recommendations made by the commission - including restoration of the original ranch boundaries and compensation for displaced victims - have not, however, been implemented, leading to a protracted dispute that now threatens to undermine new initiatives to resolve it. 50. Mbororo representatives made serious allegations relating to ongoing land disputes, including the shooting and serious injury of a Mbororo human rights defender and the alleged harassment, including judicial harassment, of others. Representatives of the Mbororo Social and Cultural Development Association (see paragraph 43 above) alleged that they had been subject to harassment and unfounded charges because of their legitimate activities to protect and promote the rights of the Mbororo and ongoing land disputes. They alleged that investigative and judicial procedures had been flawed and discriminatory, and called into question the independence of law enforcement bodies and the judiciary. 51. In the Far North, local authorities stated that there were few tensions between pastoralists and farmers or other local inhabitants over land and resources. Unlike in other regions, most pastoralists are nomadic and continue to follow a traditional lifestyle and traditional grazing routes, which are well known to farmers and accepted by them. Many Mbororo cross national borders and do not have identification cards. They may stay to graze for weeks at a time, but then move on to find food for their cattle; they thus have little impact on local communities and there is little cause for tensions or conflict, because land is plentiful in the region. 52. Civil society representatives nevertheless highlighted the fact that the Mbororo face numerous challenges relating to their nomadic lifestyles, and emphasized that conflicts over land are common in all regions. In the far North, vast areas of grazing lands normally used by pastoralists have reportedly been leased to foreign companies, including as hunting zones for the foreign tourist market. Mbororo cattle have been killed because they allegedly “trespassed” into these zones. 53. In consultation with civil society, a pastoral code has been drafted, which includes provisions for the demarcation of boundaries between pastoral land and farmland, which is 14