A/HRC/25/56/Add.1 for use by Baka children have been developed, and children attending pilot schools have been provided with school kits. 42. The Independent Expert was informed that, despite the above-mentioned efforts, many governmental initiatives achieve limited results because they are often ad hoc in nature, not permanent or sustainable, and not based on specialist knowledge of the communities and their needs, or on the expertise of non-governmental organizations working with them. Some projects provide money to communities, although many are not used to receiving and managing money; it could indeed be counterproductive, and lead to problems, including alcohol abuse. VI. Situation of Mbororo pastoralists 43. Mbororo pastoralist communities are estimated to number more than 1 million people, which would account for some 12 per cent of the total population. The Independent Expert met numerous community representatives, including the Mbororo Social and Cultural Development Association in Yaoundé and Bamenda (North-West), and visited Mbororo communities near Bamenda. Some described a problem of general discrimination against the Mbororo owing to a perception that they are a foreign presence or strangers who do not fully belong, and are consequently treated as second-class citizens. 44. While in certain regions, such as the North-West, the Mbororo are now largely settled communities, in other regions, such as the Far North, the Mbororo continue their nomadic, pastoralist lifestyle. Land issues may therefore differ from one region to another, and for different pastoralist communities. Cases of tensions and conflict over land ownership, occupation and use were frequently raised by representatives of Mbororo communities. They stated that conflicts between farmers, ranchers and herders are a major issue for the Mbororo throughout the country, and that some conflicts have continued for generations. 45. The Mbororo claim that agro-industrial companies, including some foreign-owned companies, are taking over large areas of historic grazing lands (such as in Kadey and Lom and Djerem Divisions) in order to establish sugar plantations and other forms of agrobusiness. This is allegedly done without the free, prior and informed consultation with or consent of the Mbororo communities. Concerns also exist over the impact of the establishment of national parks, including Ntakamanda National Park in the South-West, and the threat of expulsion of Mbororo families and their livestock from newly protected areas. The Mbororo have reportedly occupied these lands for more than a century. Ranching operations in the Adamawa region is a major concern for the Mbororo, who claim that their traditional herding is being threatened.22 46. Some land rights cases demonstrate that the current system of land categorization, tenure or ownership may leave some communities vulnerable to eviction from their homes and lands, and may be open to abuse. Poor, rural and poorly educated communities may be particularly vulnerable to attempts to obtain their lands by parties that do not compensate them adequately or make clear the nature of agreements proposed and that may ultimately lead to their eviction. It is imperative that any such transactions are fully transparent and, where necessary, subject to judicial review. 47. The Independent Expert visited the community of Wumse Ndzah, Bamenda III Subdivision (North-West), the scene of a long-term land dispute between the Mbororo community and the Catholic University. The University claims to have paid compensation 22 See www.iwgia.org/images/stories/sections/regions/africa/documents/2013/Cameroon.pdf. 13