It is therefore essential that diversity is acknowledged through appropriate frameworks. Recognizing that diversity enriches society implies that States should not define themselves in exclusivist and (mono-)ethnic terms as the “property” of one or several specific ethnicities. In addition, members of majorities and minorities should accept that their identities – like the one of the State – may change and evolve, including through contact and exchange with other groups. The recognition of the multidimensional diversity inherent in societies, groups and individual identities should inform the entire legislation and the formulation of integration policies. This means, for example, that identification with multiple identities and contextual affiliations should be permitted, including in the census; that closed lists of identities in the census are to be discouraged; and that everyone should have the right to change his or her affiliation over time. Primacy of voluntary self-identification 6. Identities are subject to the primacy of individual choice through the principle of voluntary self-identification. Minority rights include the right of individual members of minority communities to choose to be treated or not to be treated as such. No disadvantage shall result from such a choice or the refusal to choose. No restrictions should be placed on this freedom of choice. Assimilation against one’s will by the State or third parties is prohibited. International minority rights standards are clear in establishing that affiliation with a minority group is a matter of personal choice, which must, however, also be based on some objective criteria relevant to the person’s identity.26 No disadvantage shall result from the choice to affiliate with a given group.27 The principle of freedom of choice should be reflected in legislation and in integration policies. This means, for example, that authorities should not affiliate persons with a specific group based on visible characteristics or other presumptions without their consent.28 26 27 28 FCNM, article 3, as interpreted in the Advisory Committee Opinions, and Copenhagen Document, paragraph 32. FCNM, article 3(1). The Language Rights of Persons Belonging to National Minorities under the Framework Convention, Thematic Commentary no. 3, adopted by the Advisory Committee on 24 May 2012 (hereinafter: “Commentary on Language”), paragraph 17. Guidelines on Integration of Diverse Societies 15