However, this does not imply, in any way, a right under international law to exercise jurisdiction over these persons on the territory of another State without that State’s consent or to grant citizenship en masse to citizens of another State, including if this happens as the result of a sum of individual applications.83 At the same time, States cannot “outsource” the protection of minorities residing on their territory to other States (so-called “kin-States”), as the respect for and protection of minority rights is primarily the responsibility of the State in which the minority resides.84 Besides these legal limitations, citizenship policies that have external effects may create obstacles to friendly, including good neighbourly, relations as well as additional challenges for the integration of society in the country in which these minorities reside. Policies that have such negative effects should thus be avoided. The State of residence holds primary responsibility for the protection of the rights of its residents, including persons belonging to minorities. This responsibility extends to residents holding multiple citizenships, and States should not discriminate against dual citizens. A State can legitimately ask its citizens to rescind other citizenships before taking up high political positions, such as head of State or member of government.85 37. Multiple citizenships, per se, should not be considered an obstacle to integration. Granting citizenship by the State of residence to long-term residents who already hold citizenship of another State may support the integration process and strengthen links to society. Children who have acquired more than one citizenship at birth should not be prohibited from holding multiple citizenships over the course of their lives. Multiple citizenships reflect the increasing movement of persons across borders as well as intra-family diversity, including across generations, and growing efforts by States to retain legal ties with emigrant populations abroad. Providing access to citizenship to long-term residents while not requiring the renunciation of a previous citizenship encourages participation and a sense of belonging and may contribute 83 84 85 Bolzano/Bozen Recommendations, especially Recommendations 4, 10 and 11. Bolzano/Bozen Recommendations, Recommendation 2, and the European Commission for Democracy Through Law, “Report on the Preferential Treatment of Minorities by their Kin-State” (hereinafter: “Venice Commission Report”), CDLINF (2001) 19. Bolzano/Bozen Recommendations, Explanatory Note to Recommendation 11. 44 Guidelines on Integration of Diverse Societies