A/76/434 40. In Kuwait, reported violations against of migrant workers, stateless persons and women 41 fall within the lens of multiple discrimination outlined in the Durban Declaration and Programme of Action and can be addressed through the concrete remedial guidance provided in the document. Similarly, NGO reports on and condemnation of discrimination against religious minorities and the addition of exclusionary material to textbooks in Pakistan also fall within the scope of the document, in which racism is linked to religious discrimination and educational curriculums. 42 41. Lastly, religious institutions have reported on how they work towards achieving anti-racism objectives and how they can actively contribute to reparatory practices, 43 in recognition of the acknowledgment in the Durban Declaration and Programme of Action that religious leaders should fully participate in anti-racism efforts. 44 42. While not exhaustive, this review of civil society submissions shows how the Durban Declaration and Programme of Action can enable victims of racism to articulate their experiences in terms that are grounded in history and linked to broader struggles for equality and justice. B. Individual and structural redress and reparation for racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance 43. As the Special Rapporteur has noted in her prior report on reparations for colonialism and slavery (A/74/321), the Durban Declaration and Programme of Action has strengthened the call for reparations for racism, slavery and colonialism. In the Declaration, it is clearly stated that transatlantic slavery and co lonialism remain among the root causes of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance against Africans and people of African descent, Asians and people of Asian descent and indigenous peoples. 44. The recognition of the ongoing effects of colonialism and slavery outlined in the Durban Declaration and Programme of Action 45 serves to highlight the need to create reparatory frameworks that account for historical wrongs. Insofar as the starting point for such reparations is acknowledgement and apology by beneficiary States, the document offers a key framework for both apologizing for slavery and colonialism through historical recognition 46 and for creating structures and systems that do the work of reparatory justice. 47 C. Comprehensive mechanisms for implementation of equality and non-discrimination principles 45. Among the most important contributions of the Durban Declaration and Programme of Action is the depth and scope of its implementation mechanisms and recommendations. Three levels of activity are set out in the document: national, regional and international. The role of civil society, academia and the private sector are also considered in the Programme of Action, all of which contribute at each level. __________________ 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 21-15325 Submission by the Kuwait Society of Human Rights. Submission by the Centre for Social Justice Pakistan. Submissions by the United Church of Canada and the General Board of Church and Society of the United Methodist Church. Declaration, para. 8. Declaration, paras. 13–14. Declaration, paras. 99–101; and Programme of Action, paras. 119 and 158. See, for example, Declaration, paras. 99–101; and Programme of Action, para. 158. 13/26