A/HRC/38/53 the rehabilitation and dissemination of Nazism and other extreme ideologies, but also create fertile ground for nationalist and neo-Nazi demonstrations. 11 Such revisionism may fall under the prohibition of hate speech under article 4 (a), which States are required to declare as offences punishable by law. IV. Contemporary manifestations of glorification of Nazism and neo-Nazism A. Neo-Nazism’s broad ideological base and its social impact on racial equality 16. Neo-Nazism today regularly combines with other ideologies of racial superiority or hatred as a means of widening acceptance and strengthening its support base. The Special Rapporteur notes with concern the success of this strategy as suggested by growing support and acceptance of neo-Nazi ideology in an increasing number of countries. To name but one example, the former Special Rapporteur, in the report on his mission to Greece, 12 deplored the rise and normalization of neo-Nazi ideology and political parties grounded on this ideology, such as the Golden Dawn, which entered the Athens City Council in 2010 and Parliament in 2012. The leadership and members of Golden Dawn had openly praised Nazism and Adolf Hitler, and engaged in denial of the Holocaust and in anti-Semitic hate speech as well as hate rhetoric against migrants. 17. The resurgence of neo-Nazism in contemporary times has much to do with the broadening of this movement to include and contribute to various networks of white supremacist, racist and xenophobic projects, especially the project of white nationalism, and other extreme right-wing ideologies. This broadening of neo-Nazism has made it more accessible, and by forging allegiances with other groups espousing ideologies of racial hatred and superiority — including ideologies of white nationalism — neo-Nazi groups have expanded their reach. As discussed below in more detail, political leaders and even government officials at the highest level, have regrettably been complicit in this expansion. 18. The contemporary strengthening of neo-Nazism has had grave social consequences, including violent acts by groups connected to this movement and who share related ideologies of racial superiority and hatred.13 In Europe and North America especially, there have been dramatic increases in anti-Semitic incidents tied to neo-Nazi groups and affiliated white supremacist and white nationalist groups. As noted by the former Special Rapporteur, several recent incidents were perpetrated by neo-Nazi-affiliated groups in Greece, 14 Estonia, 15 Latvia, 16 Bulgaria, 17 the United States of America, 18 Ukraine, 19 the Russian Federation 20 and Argentina, 21 to name a few. Contemporary iterations of Nazi ideology have grown in their traditional strongholds and in some cases expanded beyond them, posing a threat to racial equality in different parts of the world. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 6 See A/HRC/23/24, para. 12. See A/HRC/32/50/Add.1, para. 51. OHCHR, “US racism on the rise, UN experts warn in wake of Charlottesville violence”, released on 16 August 2017. Available at: www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=21975. See A/72/291, paras. 63–67. Ibid., paras. 68–70. Ibid., paras. 71–73. Ibid., paras. 74–76. See A/70/321, paras. 57–62. Ibid., paras. 63–67. A/HRC/26/21, p. 60, and a joint letter from the Special Rapporteur and the Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants (RUS 2/2014). Available at https://spdb.ohchr.org/hrdb/25th/Public__AL_Russia_20.02.14_(2.2014)_Pro.pdf. See A/71/325, para. 10; and A/70/321, para. 9.