A/HRC/EMRIP/2019/2 outcome agreement (FCCC/CP/2010/7/Add.1) provides a framework for State recognition of climate change-induced migration, displacement and relocation. III. Reasons and factors behind the migration of indigenous peoples A. Traditional migratory patterns 17. For many indigenous peoples, including the Sami reindeer herders in the Nordic countries and the Amazigh across North Africa, migrating is a way of life: an expression of their identity, culture and livelihood. These indigenous ways of life, which far pre-date modern nation States, often transcend the world view and territorial lines of settled communities. 18. These and other longstanding indigenous migration patterns may be associated with subsistence hunting, fishing and gathering practices and animal husbandry, in which humans and herds travel together to feeding, breeding and birthing grounds; and religious or ceremonial cycles requiring individuals to be present at certain sites for ritual practices. Examples are nomadic and semi-nomadic pastoralists such as the Maasai, who live in Kenya along the border with the United Republic of Tanzania, and the Kickapoo of the Mexico and the United States. Sometimes State practices try to restrict such movement, by fencing off traditional lands in Kenya, restricting the seasonal migration of livestock and pastoral communities and constricting the natural ecosystems of wildlife (see A/HRC/4/32/Add.3). Nomadic traditions have also been eroded by discriminatory educational and social policies causing the removal of indigenous children from their families and placement in residential schools, including in Canada, Finland, Norway and the Soviet Union.15 19. A small group of indigenous peoples continue to migrate by sea. The Badjaos, a seafaring indigenous people, are unique as the only people living in canoes with a belief system and way of life literally on the sea around Indonesia, the Philippines and Malaysia. Attempts to relocate these peoples on land in an attempt to diversify their economy risk destroying their identity and way of life. 16 B. Socioeconomic factors 20. Indigenous peoples also migrate owing to poverty, to try to ensure the survival of their communities and improve their lives. Given the appalling conditions in which many indigenous peoples live (they make up 5 per cent of the world’s population but account for 15 per cent of the poorest),17 their decision to move internally or internationally is hardly surprising and the element of choice is debatable. Indigenous peoples in developing States are particularly disadvantaged: they experience disproportionate rates of poverty and marginalization and are “left behind” in development efforts.18 Lack of land, employment opportunities, precarious economic conditions, lack of services and educational opportunities, poverty and an increase in the dependency ratio all are a manifestation, a cause and a consequence of human rights violations and may lead to internal and crossborder migration, including by many youth. This causal factor mostly results in migration from rural to urban areas. For example, the move of indigenous peoples from the Lao People’s Democratic Republic to Thailand, or migration to El Alto, the second largest city 15 16 17 18 6 Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission, “Bringing them home: report of the National Inquiry into the Separation of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Children from their Families” (1997); United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) submission; CERD/C/CAN/CO/21-23. Zacot submission. www.un.org/en/events/indigenousday/. Australia submission; World Bank, “Understanding Poverty, Indigenous Peoples”, available at www.worldbank.org/en/topic/indigenouspeoples#1.