A/HRC/46/57 88. The Special Rapporteur recommends that national legislation be in place that requires social media platforms to adopt policies and protocols to identify hate speech on the grounds of national origin, ethnicity, religion and language, as well as other factors such as gender and sexual orientation, while respecting the right to privacy of individuals. 89. The Special Rapporteur encourages social media companies to manage hate speech on their platforms with reference to the human rights implications of their products, including algorithms and artificial intelligence programs such as chatbots. They must therefore have in place human rights review processes that refer to and focus specifically on the groups most susceptible to hate speech in the States concerned, and in particular minorities, women and lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex communities. 90. The Special Rapporteur invites States to act decisively, quickly and effectively to address and counter hate speech against minorities in online communications, including by swiftly and effectively investigating and prosecuting those responsible, holding them accountable, and ensuring that victims have effective access to justice and remedy. 91. The Special Rapporteur invites States, the United Nations and its entities, and in particular OHCHR, to initiate a process to develop a global voluntary code of conduct for social media platforms to combat hate speech. He also requests that they support his efforts to draft guidelines on combating hate speech targeting minorities in social media, as a matter of urgency, in 2021–2022. 92. The Special Rapporteur emphasizes that social media’s content moderation systems and community standards and any oversight or appeal entity should clearly commit to protecting vulnerable and marginalised minorities and other groups. Minorities should specifically be identified as priorities for social media platforms. 93. The Special Rapporteur invites owners of social media platforms to apply the Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights in their own operations. Human rights standards should be systematically integrated into the content policies and decision mechanisms of social media platforms, so that, as specified in the Guiding Principles, their owners “comply with all applicable laws and respect internationally recognized human rights wherever they operate”, and “treat the risk of causing or contributing to gross human rights abuses as a legal compliance issue wherever they operate”, for which they could be liable. 94. The Special Rapporteur urges States to establish independent and authoritative specialized institutions that meet international standards to carry out work to counter hate speech, and accessible mechanisms for civil society organizations to report hate speech online. 95. The Special Rapporteur recommends that States provide adequate and specialized training to law enforcement agencies and the judiciary on minority rights, in particular with regard to hate speech online against minorities. 96. The Special Rapporteur encourages States and social media platforms to comprehensively address distortion and systemic bias against Jews and Muslims, as evidence suggests that antisemitism and Islamophobia are pressing challenges for minority rights. 97. The Special Rapporteur urges States to adopt human rights education initiatives on minority rights, including in school curricula; to promote diversity and pluralism; and to combat discrimination, stereotyping, xenophobia, racism and hate speech by disseminating positive, alternative and inclusive narratives that invite dialogue. 98. In order to improve mechanisms and content vetting policies for the handling of hateful content, and to ensure incorporation of the concerns of the main targets of hate speech in social media, the Special Rapporteur urges that minorities, as the most targeted and vulnerable groups, be represented in advisory and other relevant boards. 99. The Special Rapporteur invites States, national human rights institutions and civil society representatives to use the United Nations human rights mechanisms, 17