A/74/274 African accent over the phone, recognize an African-sounding name or see an applicant with darker skin. The individual decision-making of landlords and other continues to be impacted by negative stereotypes and structured by racial bias. 75. In addition, the pervasive practice of reverse redlining led to a dramatic loss of wealth and housing inside communities of African descent in the United States in and around 2008, as mortgage lenders and brokers specifically targeted people of African and Latino descent for subprime mortgages to facilitate an explosion of securitized debt to fuel capital markets. The decision-making concerning acceptable communities to exploit for profit disproportionately fell to communities of African descent. Furthermore, while many banks were bailed out by the Government for their catastrophic losses in 2008, many individuals of African descent experienced a loss of wealth, housing and stability that was just as catastrophic, if not more so, but received no assistance. III. Conclusions and recommendations 76. Ultimately, the perpetuation, tolerance and licensing of racial bias via negative stereotypes that are prevalent in everyday life violates the human rights of people of African descent. The ability to exercise and enjoy key human rights is dramatically curtailed by racial bias in decision-making that is grounded in false beliefs. Racial bias has such systemic impact on the enjoyment and exercise of human rights that in different countries people of African descent face similar challenges. This suggests that a key underlying factor is white supremacy, or a construction of whiteness that relies on toxic negative stereotypes about people of African descent, to preserve the value of whiteness and to afford lesser opportunity and rights to people of African descent. By dehumanizing people of African descent in the social mindset and the body politic, the impact and injustice of inequality an d entrenched racial disparities are neutralized and even justified. 77. In order to guarantee respect, protection and fulfilment of human rights for people of African descent, the enduring harm and impact of anti -black racial stereotypes and stereotyping on the enjoyment of human rights must be understood and acknowledged and the negative racial stereotypes and false characterizations must be dismantled by changing the narrative and addressing the racism that continues to be reflected in the decision-making, policies and practices that structure how our society operates. Recommendations 78. Considering the current manifestations of racism, racial discrimination, Afrophobia, xenophobia and related intolerance, the Working Group of Experts on People of African Descent calls upon States: (a) To unequivocally and unconditionally reject and condemn racist hate speech and hate crimes targeting people of African descent wherever they occur; (b) To take measures to prevent any dissemination of ideas of racial superiority and inferiority or ideas which attempt to justify violence, hatred or discrimination against people of African descent; (c) To take resolute action to counter any tendency by law enforcement officials, politicians and educators to target, stigmatize, stereotype or profile people of African descent on the basis of race; (d) To take strict measures against any incitement to discrimination or violence against people of African descent, including on the Internet. States and 20/22 19-13272