A/HRC/25/58
of communication are needed between different parts of the United Nations system to
enable decision makers to take appropriate and timely action. In this context, the Special
Rapporteur commends a recent document on preventing atrocity crimes, prepared by the
Office on Genocide Prevention and the Responsibility to Protect, in particular its
paragraphs on the need to prepare contingency plans.15
(c)
Atmosphere in which public debates on religious issues can flourish
51
As outlined earlier, an authoritarian climate that discourages people from publicly
expressing their various concerns tends to increase the likelihood of manifestations of
religious hatred occurring in a country. Where a culture of free public discourse does not
exist, negative rumours are likely to remain within closed circles and to avoid sufficient
exposure to critical public scrutiny. Even worse, those who have lived for a long time in a
repressive climate may develop a distorted “mentality of suspicion”, where they assume
hidden agendas. As a consequence, the dichotomy between thinking and speaking, which
people may have experienced in their own personal behaviour, is often also ascribed to
other individuals or groups. Likewise, the dichotomy between private narratives and public
propositions may become the interpretative background for any public statements made by
individuals, groups or organizations, resulting in a society that is marked by general
mistrust and suspicion. As a result, trustful communication may become increasingly
difficult and may yield more and more to mere tactical rhetorical manoeuvres. In extreme
cases this may culminate in a total breakdown of any meaningful intergroup
communication, a collapse of the culture of public discourse and in unchecked prejudices
and misconceptions.
52.
The most promising antidote to a society beleaguered by a combination of paranoia
and contempt is a well-developed culture of public discourse in which people feel
encouraged to exercise their freedom of expression. Such a culture should also allow for the
expression of any concerns, worries, anxieties and less pleasant experiences in the area of
religious pluralism. Living together in a pluralistic society can certainly be enriching, but it
is not always easy and at times can even become quite challenging. When people feel they
have the freedom to publicly express any frustrations and irritations that may arise from
their adverse experiences, instead of merely telling negative stories in private circles, there
remains a good chance that counter-evidence and the promulgation of alternative narratives
may help restore realistic proportion and perspective. This may prevent negative
experiences from hardening into fixed prejudices. A culture of public discourse should thus
enable people to conduct controversial discussions in the area of religious diversity, which
naturally must also accommodate criticism of certain religions or even of religion in
general.
53.
Attempts to replace negative stereotypes about other religious communities or
minorities by superficially imposing positive language and discouraging the articulation of
adverse experiences are only likely to raise suspicion in the long run. A more promising
strategy aims at overcoming misperceptions by facilitating the articulation of real
experiences in the interaction of human beings, both as individuals and as communities.
After all, sustainable trust can develop only on the basis of realism and by taking seriously
the experiences that people have. Inter alia, such a realist strategy presupposes the
availability of differentiated information by nuanced research and reporting, including on
religious community issues. Investigative journalism, which is often wrongly suspected of
undermining social peace, can serve as a necessary ingredient of trust-building policies,
15
14
See Office on Genocide Prevention and the Responsibility to Protect, “Preventing incitement: policy
options for action”, presented in a side event at the sixth session of the Forum on Minority Issues, on
27 November 2013.