A/HRC/38/41/Add.1 Private actors are involved in providing these services and the Special Rapporteur notes that potential migrants are often overcharged. He notes the need for better regulation and recommends institutionalizing the system in close collaboration with the countries of destination, for instance by ensuring medical certificates are issued by public hospitals. 41. Recruitment fees and the commonly resulting debt increase the precariousness of migrants’ situations and may lead to situations of debt bondage, forced labour and trafficking. The Special Rapporteur urges the authorities as a matter of priority to monitor recruitment agencies more effectively and enforce penalties against those that violate provisions in the legislation, to ensure better protection of migrant workers from situations of debt bondage, forced labour and trafficking. D. Pre-departure training and information 42. The Government has made progress in enhancing access to information for potential migrants, introducing a mandatory two-day pre-departure orientation course. The Special Rapporteur also recognizes the efforts made by the Government to collaborate with United Nations agencies, international organizations, international donor agencies and NGOs to improve access to information, justice and skills development training, and provide assistance to returnees and the families left behind. In that regard, he welcomes the establishment of migrant resource centres, some of them set up in District Office premises. 43. The Special Rapporteur observes that the mandatory pre-departure training is only available in the capital and a few selected districts, which involves further costs for those taking part. Furthermore, the Special Rapporteur was informed that the content is limited to general information. He observes that they could be enhanced, both in length and content and suggests they include information on migrants’ rights and redress mechanisms, on consular assistance and on health and self-care. 44. The Special Rapporteur commends the Government for introducing the 2012 technical and vocational education and training policy, in which it recognized the need for skills-development training programmes. At the same time, the Special Rapporteur received complaints that the skills training was inadequate and that migrant women especially would benefit from enhanced skills training. He was informed that domestic workers were often not familiar with modern domestic appliances and many migrant workers lacked basic language skills. The provision of skills training would render domestic workers less vulnerable to abuse in private households. 45. The Special Rapporteur considers the adoption of the Local Government Operation Act to be a positive step. It obliges local government to provide basic foreign employment services, such as the collection of data, provision of information, provision of skills and financial literacy training and the reintegration of returnees. He encourages the Foreign Employment Promotion Board to work in close collaboration and coordination with local authorities in establishing foreign employment services by setting standards, providing guidance and ensuring cost-sharing. 46. Overall, the Special Rapporteur observed that vocational skills, adequate orientation programmes for employment and awareness of the migration process needed to be improved, in order to ensure that migration decisions are well-informed and that migrants know their rights and how to seek help or lodge a complaint. E. Consular assistance 47. The Special Rapporteur welcomes the appointment of labour attachés and counsellors in nine Nepalese diplomatic missions. That is an important step for the protection of migrants, as international law recognizes their right to seek consular assistance, the exercise of which must be allowed without any obstacles by destination countries. 48. The Special Rapporteur heard accounts of various violations of the Foreign Employment Act, which rendered migrant workers more vulnerable to exploitation and 9