A/HRC/40/53 ideological manipulation or be used to promote intolerant and racist ideas. Historical research and history teaching should not promote or allow misuse of history, through the creation of false evidence and denial or omission of historical facts, all of which are of concern. 26. The subsequent report on memorialization processes, issued in 2014, focused on the role of memorials and museums in shaping cultural and symbolic landscapes that influence how people think of themselves and others (A/HRC/25/49). Memorialization processes reflect and shape, negatively or positively, social interactions and can make or break efforts aimed at building inclusive societies. In her report, the Special Rapporteur emphasized the role of cultural rights in achieving transitional justice and the interaction of those rights with the right to truth, and raised issues concerning the use of public space to strengthen democracy and promote critical thinking and discussion regarding the representation of the past, but equally to face contemporary challenges of exclusion and violence. 27. In her thematic report of 2014 focusing on the impact of commercial advertising and marketing practices on the enjoyment of cultural rights, the Special Rapporteur explored those relationships, looking into the connections between freedom of thought, opinion and expression, the rights of children with respect to education and leisure, academic and artistic freedom and the right to participate in cultural life (A/69/286). She considered the disproportionate presence of commercial advertising and marketing in public spaces and the way certain advertising techniques aim to circumvent individual rational decision-making. Those phenomena reduce the capacity to develop and express cultural diversity and to exercise various ways of life. In her report, the Special Rapporteur raised the issue of the positive obligations of States to take measures to protect civic space from undue levels of commercialization in order to preserve human dignity, a topic to which the mandate hopes to return. 28. In a more recent report, the Special Rapporteur stressed the significance of actions in the fields of art and culture for achieving overall societal goals of inclusion and greater respect for human rights (A/HRC/37/55). The examples cited in the report show how taking part in cultural and artistic initiatives is not only a way to exercise cultural rights, but also other human rights, including the rights to freedom of association, to education and to effective remedy. In the report the Special Rapporteur emphasized the way in which cultural expression is indivisible from human dignity. 29. Conversely, in the two thematic reports developing a cultural rights approach to the rise of diverse forms of fundamentalism and extremism issued in 2017, the Special Rapporteur highlighted the way in which such ideologies share a common mindset, based on intolerance of differences and pluralism and a rejection of universality, and how they attempt to stamp out diversity and dissent, having particular effects on the cultural rights of women, minorities and lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex persons (A/HRC/34/56 and A/72/155). In her reports, she demonstrated the crucial contribution of arts, education, science and culture in resisting the threats such ideologies pose to all human rights by creating alternatives, making space for peaceful contestation and protecting people, in particular youth, from radicalization. Unfortunately, since 2017, the topic has become even more globally relevant and the Special Rapporteur hopes that her recommendations will continue to inform the strategies of States, international organizations and experts. B. Fact-finding missions 30. Since the creation of the mandate, the Special Rapporteur has conducted 12 factfinding missions and official visits: 4 to the Eastern Europe region, 3 to the Asia-Pacific region, 2 to the Latin America and Caribbean region, 2 to the Africa region and 1 to the Western Europe region. Each mission resulted in a report to the Human Rights Council, including an analysis of the state of enjoyment of cultural rights in the country and specific recommendations on how to improve it. 31. In addition, the Special Rapporteur conducted a mission to Mali for the International Criminal Court to provide expert advice on reparation for victims of cultural heritage 7