A/HRC/32/50 multiculturalism, the “racialization” of certain groups in social structures and cultural practices by State officials and citizens — often through the trivialized use of pejorative terms — plays a role in stigmatizing their belonging and hampers their access to social and economic rights. 49. The historical continuity of discrimination against indigenous people across the Americas has expressed itself through systemic discrimination and outright denial of recognition from the State and its institutions. This discrimination manifests itself in a number of ways, including grave violations of human rights, such as forced displacement, murder, rape, and other forms of violence or intimidation. 50. Taking into consideration the intersectional nature of xenophobic discrimination, it should be noted that discourse on the violations of the rights of migrant women is often limited to the context of trafficking in persons and hardly addresses labour rights at all, especially in regard to domestic workers who are too often the subject of exploitative labour that is exacerbated by bias and stigmatization on account of their origin. In some places, where women of African descent are the most vulnerable group, at the bottom of the socioeconomic stratum, migrant women of African descent are commonly denied the right to access decent work on the basis of their race and also due to gender-based discrimination.48 51. Against the backdrop of the global war against terror, South Asian, Muslim, Middle Eastern and Arab communities living in the Americas are increasingly subject to xenophobic rhetoric and discrimination on the basis of their religion. Although often not justified, such groups are, ironically, accused of spreading a language of hate and undermining the tolerance and inclusiveness of the countries of immigration. (c) Asia-Pacific region 52. In this very diverse region, although some countries may still be experiencing difficulties in integrating indigenous peoples or migrants from generations past, who are still subjected to discrimination and are struggling to be integrated into society, others are primarily sending countries, whose primary concerns with xenophobia relate to the treatment of their citizens elsewhere in the region and beyond. In the face of nationalistic ideals and the harmful ideology of cultural superiority by dominant groups in parts of the region, indigenous peoples are still struggling to assert their rights and retain their cultural identities, while certain migrants have been forced to assimilate in order to be naturalized. 53. Exclusionary policies against immigrants have been implemented in some places and have fostered intensifying anti-immigrant discourse. Immigrants have been constructed as security, demographic and economic threats, often in the context of rising unemployment and increasing numbers of migrant workers.49 54. In some countries, migrants have been excluded from accessing State services and have been denied material and social support as well as access to the labour market. Elsewhere, laws have been passed to inhibit the free movement and basic rights of migrant 48 49 Tanya Basok and Nicola Piper, “Management versus rights: women’s migration and global governance in Latin America and the Caribbean”, Feminist Economics, vol. 18, No. 2, pp. 35-61. ILO, “Equality at work: the continuing challenge” (2011), p. 36; and Yoav H. Duman, “Infiltrators go home! Explaining xenophobic mobilization against asylum seekers in Israel”, Journal of International Migration and Integration (2014), pp. 1-24. 15