A/HRC/32/50 Often, the effectiveness of policies put in place to address discrimination in general, including xenophobia, has proved to be limited over time. In that regard, the Deputy High Commissioner for Human Rights noted that 15 years after the adoption of the Durban Declaration and Programme of Action, “slow, uneven, uncertain progress is not sufficient progress”.82 69. In order to better understand the causes and consequences of xenophobia and the effectiveness of overt counter-xenophobia strategies, there is a need to further document successful initiatives and policies that have fostered increased understanding between diverse populations. 83 The Special Rapporteur will continue examining this issue in his next report to the General Assembly. 70. By working on this thematic focus, the Special Rapporteur hopes to contribute to the ongoing debate on xenophobia and xenophobic discrimination within the framework of the current migration crisis and beyond. He also wishes to express the necessity for the international community to adopt a clear definition of the phenomenon in order to better prevent, remedy and combat its manifestations. 71. The Special Rapporteur acknowledges the frequently occurring obstacles to addressing discrimination and prejudice, which include a lack of political will, lack of understanding of the scope of the issue, and limited capacity. In the recommendations below, the Special Rapporteur shares a set of key elements to be taken into consideration in order to design and implement strategies with improved effectiveness. These include: (a) a local diagnosis of the situation; (b) implementing preventive actions; (c) promoting social solidarity; (d) identifying the appropriate scale of intervention; (e) designing complementarity strategies; and (f) review and assessment. A. Local diagnosis 72. While the manifestations of xenophobia share certain commonalities across time and regions, its causes vary across and within countries. The discourses of difference and social cohesion are often historically and socially conditioned, as are the grounds of mobilization that are likely to capture popular and political attention. Therefore, strategies for countering xenophobic discrimination and violence, based on the principles of non-discrimination, multiculturalism and tolerance, must be contextspecific and carefully adapted to domestic realities. Governments, international organizations, civil society and other private actors should engage in individual assessments of national political language, institutional capacities, and the interests that inform local government policy and practices. Moreover, it should be recognized that preventing or addressing xenophobia necessitates shifting the institutional, political and economic incentives that support continued or heightened xenophobic practices. This requires a high degree of political will and social insight. 82 83 20 Statement by Kate Gilmore, Deputy High Commissioner for Human Rights, 18 March 2016. Francis B. Nyamnjoh, “Racism, ethnicity and the media in Africa: reflections inspired by studies of xenophobia in Cameroon and South Africa”, pp. 57-93; and Francis B. Nyamnjoh, “From bounded to flexible citizenship: lessons from Africa”, Citizenship Studies, vol. 11, No. 1 (2007), pp. 73-82.