A/HRC/4/39 page 12 sources of each trend in racism can be traced to the social construction of identity and it is essential to deconstruct it. He believes that the upsurge of racism in the past years is due to the return of old stereotypes. According to him, identity crises are the reason for the increase of racial profiling. With regard to immigration, he stressed that host countries often put in place policies which force people to forget and abandon their past cultural identity to prove that they have integrated into their host society. He suggested that the construction of multiculturalism in an interactive, democratic and non-discriminatory process is the way to overcome racism and discrimination. Item 6 (j): Measures to combat racial profiling, including preventive positive measures 48. Ömür Orhun, Personal Representative of the Chairman-in-Office of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) on Combating Intolerance and Discrimination against Muslims, made a presentation focusing on preventive positive measures to combat racial profiling, with specific reference to Muslims. He stressed that the rise of Islamophobia is of great concern. To remedy this negative and disturbing phenomenon, sound strategies and educational approaches must be developed and vigorously implemented. Increasing understanding and respect for cultural and religious diversity would be the first step in identifying and developing criteria for good practice in combating intolerance and discrimination against Muslims. In order to effectively achieve this, condemnation of such behaviour must be accompanied by effective legislative and judicial measures, as well as education. 49. Anastasia Crickley, Personal Representative of the Chairman-in-Office of the OSCE on Combating Racism, Xenophobia and Discrimination, also focusing on intolerance and discrimination against Christians and members of other religions, and Chairperson of the European Union Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia (EUMC), began her presentation by emphasizing that there is no room for complacency in fighting racism and much more needs to be done. She spoke of the struggle to achieve a multicultural society that is just and equal. She stressed that maximum use needs to be made of existing international and regional conventions in the fight against racial profiling. In this regard, she made reference to the Durban Declaration and Programme of Action and commented on the importance of national plans of action in addressing racial profiling. She spoke of the need to address direct and indirect discrimination by mainstreaming it into the legal framework within countries and through education. In this regard, political will and leadership is paramount in effectively combating racial profiling. Ms. Crickley added that in addressing racial profiling, there is a need to go beyond police forces to the immigration and prison services and the judiciary. There needs to be a mainstreaming of the whole institutional approach to racial profiling, to include not only pre-service but also in-service training. Furthermore, the promotion of the culture of leadership needs to be built on anti-racist values. She spoke of the need to embed action on racial profiling in laws to address racism and racial discrimination, recognizing in particular the ways in which direct and indirect racism are embedded in the structures of our various systems. She added that there is a need to take positive action in law enforcement agencies to secure real participation of targeted minorities at all levels. Furthermore, stakeholders at all levels need to be engaged in the development of actions to address racial profiling. She explained that any action on racial profiling needs to be supported by independent data collection mechanisms. In conclusion, Ms. Crickley spoke of the need to go beyond racism and discrimination and look at the parallels