A/HRC/50/60 reporting, while racial and ethnic inequality is rarely mentioned.102 The Special Rapporteur has heard that many States have reported on migration status, which she welcomes as an important step to challenging discrimination on the grounds of national origin. 60. The 2030 Agenda completely ignores caste and descent-based discrimination. As the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination states in its general comment No. 29 (2002), “discrimination based on ‘descent’ includes discrimination against members of communities based on forms of social stratification such as caste and analogous systems of inherited status which nullify or impair their equal enjoyment of human rights”. Such discrimination is prohibited under the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination. As noted in one submission, the absence of descent and work discrimination from the Sustainable Development Goals and targets, as well as the global indicators, are clear evidence that there is less to no recognition of descent and work discrimination in the global agenda of development.103 This exclusion represents a major barrier to the eradication of poverty and also has significant gender equality implications.104 61. The Special Rapporteur received other submissions highlighting racial and ethnic inequality in the implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals. 62. In 2021, the Sustainable Development Solutions Network, based in the United States of America, released “In the Red”, a publication detailing inequalities in levels of attainment between racial groups in the United States. The report found that delivery on the Goals is highly unequal in the United States in that, on average, “white communities receive resources and services at a rate approximately three times higher than the racial community [in a given State]”.105 The results indicate that without significant progress to eliminate racial inequality, the Goals will not be achieved in the country.106 This innovative study suggests that, even with all its wealth, the United States has failed to take adequate action to guarantee racial and ethnic minorities equal access to basic human rights and ensure the achievement of the Goals. 63. Oxfam Germany and its coalition reported xenophobia and racism against migrant workers in the global food value-chains, along with economic exploitation enabled by unequal development and international inequality, showing failures to tackle inequality in the global economy through the Sustainable Development Goals.107 64. In its submission, Provivienda noted that Spain has experienced three major housing crises within the last two decades, with pronounced impacts on migrant communities and the general population. This is due, in large part, to extensive housing discrimination, which Provivienda identifies as a failure to fulfil international human rights prohibitions against direct and indirect discrimination and the country’s commitments under Sustainable Development Goals 10 and 11.108 65. The Special Rapporteur observes that sustainable development is incompatible with armed conflict, foreign domination, annexation and occupation 109 and that humanitarian crises perpetuate gross violations of human rights and exacerbate racial inequality. She recalls that institutionalized discrimination against Palestinians in the Occupied Palestinian Territories entails systemic violation of the rights of Palestinians to self-determination, and that, as a result, Palestinians in the Occupied Territories are denied avenues of sustainable development under the 2030 Agenda.110 66. In its submission, the Action on Smoking and Health coalition reported that the targeted marketing of especially addictive and toxic brands of tobacco cigarettes to racially 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 Sakiko Fukuda-Parr, expert statement, 15 March 2022, ST/ESA/2021/CDP/52 and ST/ESA/2019/CDP/49. Submission by the Asia Dalit Rights Forum. Submission by International Dalit Solidarity Network. A. Lynch, H. Bond and J. Sachs, In the Red: The US Failure to Deliver on a Promise of Racial Equality (New York, Sustainable Development Solutions Network, 2021), p. 9. Ibid., p. 17. Submission by Oxfam Germany. Submission by Provivienda. Submission by Association of Reintegration of Crimea. A/HRC/41/54, para. 37. 15