A/HRC/13/23/Add.1 that minorities are “guests” who should be grateful for their place in Kazakh society were also reported. 40. Some groups are particularly vulnerable to discrimination and negative stereotyping. The Chechen community includes both citizens and a smaller group of war refugees who arrived in the past decade. Between 30,000 to 49,000 Chechens are thought to live in Kazakhstan, many illegally. Negative stereotyping, particularly during the Soviet era, of Chechens as “enemy people” or involved in criminal or terrorist activity has allegedly made it difficult for them to integrate according to some commentators. Chechens and Georgians are allegedly subject to non-formal immigration procedures and disproportionate scrutiny by police, who often practise racial profiling. The Government claims that all are treated equally under the law and immigration procedures. 41. The independent expert sought information about small minorities on the extreme margins of society. The Roma and Luli (or Lyuli) are generally described as nomadic and with livelihoods relying on informal trading, music, scavenging and begging. They may be de-facto stateless persons and are not represented in the Assembly of the People or other State institutions. Little information is available regarding their access to health care, education, housing and the effects of poverty. Members of these minorities often lack identification documents required to secure services; women and children may be particularly vulnerable. According to the Government, in January 2008, there were 5,153 Roma in Kazakhstan, and measures were being introduced to prevent acts of discrimination against them, while no complaints or representations from the Roma had been recorded. Roma representatives registered the collective association Tsygan (gypsy), which works to promote the culture and traditions of Roma people. V. Identity, language, culture and religion A. Identity, language and culture 42. Article 7, paragraph 3, of the Constitution guarantees every person the right to speak and learn their language, declaring: “the State shall promote conditions for the study and development of the languages of the people of Kazakhstan”. Under Article 19, paragraph 2, everyone has the right to use their native language and culture and to choose freely their language of communication, education, instruction and creative activities. The Law on Language of 1997 replicates and reinforces these constitutional provisions. In its report submitted to the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination,13 the Government points out that the State programme on the use and development of languages for the period 2001–2010, confirmed by Presidential Decree No. 550 of 7 February 2001, was designed to secure not only the revival and extension of the use of the Kazakh language but also the preservation of the general culture and use of the Russian language and the development of the languages of ethnic groups. 43. Article 9, paragraph 3, of the Law on Education also establishes the right to education in one’s native language. The Government highlights general secondary education in pupils’ native languages or teaching native languages as subjects; however, it also acknowledges difficulties in the organization of multicultural education arising from the complicated mosaic of ethnic cultures. A total of 65 schools have Uzbek as the language of instruction and 75 schools have mixed languages of instruction allowing 79,426 to be enrolled in Uzbek-language education. There are 14 Uighur and 50 mixed language schools in the Almaty region, enabling 14,955 students to be enrolled in Uighurlanguage education. Two Tajik schools and 10 mixed language schools teach 3,503 students in Tajik in the South Kazakhstan region. Fifteen native languages are studied as 12 GE.10-10602