A/76/202 In many countries, indigenous peoples are imprisoned in urban areas far away from their family, community, lands and culture. In Australia, indigenous peoples constitute around 3 per cent of the total population, compared with more than 26 per cent of the correctional facility population, and the proportion of incarcerated indigenous women and children continues to increase. 74 6. At-risk populations 48. Particular attention must be paid to the rights and special needs of at -risk populations living in urban centres, including women, children and young people, older persons, persons with disabilities and lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex persons. (a) Women 49. Indigenous women and girls who migrate to urban areas are at increased risk of trafficking in persons, forced labour, prostitution, sexual exploitation, gender-based violence and forced sterilization. 75 In some areas, up to 80 per cent of indigenous women experience violence, and murder rates may be more than 10 times the national average. 76 Indigenous women and girls often experience multiple forms of discrimination and increased risk of violence owing to their gender, age, ethnicity, sexual orientation, immigration status and other factors. 77 50. The social determinants of health experienced by indigenous women, including in urban areas, place them at greater risk of health issues than other demographics, including disproportionately high levels of maternal and infant mortality, malnutrition, cardiovascular illnesses and infectious disease. 78 51. The current and previous mandate holders have documented numerous cases of gang-rape, sexual enslavement and killing of indigenous women and girls around the world. 79 Data on missing and murdered indigenous women, girls and two -spirit people in urban areas are often lacking because States do not disaggregate based on ethnicity. 80 In some cases, structural racial discrimination is a barrier to gathering accurate data. Police may not take reports of indigenous missing persons seriously or treat murders as suicides or accidents, even though there was foul play. Consequently, many relatives of indigenous victims turn to social m edia and grass-roots __________________ 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 14/20 A/HRC/36/46/Add.2, para. 66. A/HRC/EMRIP/2019/2/Rev.1, paras. 73–78; submission by the International Mayan League; Samar Bosu Mullick, “Tribal domestic working women in Delhi, India”, Indigenous Affairs, No. 3-4/02 (2002), pp. 17–18; and United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Global Report on Trafficking in Persons 2009 (2009). Urban Indian Health Institute, “Missing and murdered indigenous women and girls” (2018). Available at www.uihi.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Missing-and-Murdered-IndigenousWomen-and-Girls-Report.pdf. Submission by the International Mayan League; intervention by Asociación Civil Kapé Kapé, Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (virtual consultation); and submission by the Instituto para el Futuro Común Amerindio (Honduras). Indigenous women with different sexual preferences are discriminated against by the same leaders who represent lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex groups. See submission by the Instituto para el Futuro Com ún Amerindio (Honduras); intervention by Asociación Civil Kapé Kapé, Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (virtual consultation); and Inter-Parliamentary Union, Beyond Numbers: the Participation of Indigenous Peoples in Parliament (Geneva, 2014), p. 1. See www.un.org/development/desa/indigenouspeoples/mandated -areas1/health.html. A/HRC/30/41. See also UNICEF, UN-Women, UNFPA, ILO and the Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Violence against Children, “Breaking the silence on violence against indigenous girls, adolescents and young women: a call to action based on an overview of existing evidence from Africa, Asia-Pacific and Latin America” (May 2013). See, generally, Urban Indian Health Institute, “Missing and murdered indigenous women and girls”. 21-10081