A/76/202 57. Indigenous peoples with disabilities suffer discrimination and stigmatization i n terms of access to education, with Governments often failing to provide the infrastructure necessary to enable their learning experience. 91 States should provide assistive devices and rehabilitative services and take measures to prevent and address violence at home, in school and at residential institutions. 58. According to UN-Women, disability rates are higher for indigenous women, who suffer from multiple forms of discrimination and experience higher-than-average rates of school abandonment, unemployment, poverty, incarceration, illness and death, maternal mortality and violence. 92 7. Political representation and participation 59. Indigenous peoples living in cities often encounter barriers to participation in public life, including representation in local and national government, and voting rights. Indigenous peoples who cross international borders face even greater exclusion and have restricted access to political power and participation in the electoral process. 93 60. In terms of political representation, as of 2014, only 979 of 44,000 Members of Parliament worldwide were indigenous (of whom 80 per cent were men). 94 As to political participation, only 50 per cent of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders are on the Australian electoral roll. This is partly due to eligible voter criteria, including the requirement of a fixed address and a ban on voting by prisoners serving a sentence of more than three years, which disproportionately affect indigenous peoples. 95 The Maori in New Zealand have representation in local governments. 96 According to the Expert Mechanism on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, “in Kenya, the existing political system divides many communities, including the Endorois and Sengwer, into different administrative and electoral units”. It indicates that “this dimin ishes their effective representation in parliament and participation in local decision -making, as they may not have the numbers to vote for leaders from their communities”. 97 D. Indigenous-led initiatives 61. Migration to urban areas can involve opportunities in terms of employment and education. Indigenous peoples have shown great resilience and adapted to urban challenges while preserving their indigenous identities. The programmes and services provided by indigenous organizations and movements have helped to support and strengthen the collective rights of indigenous peoples in cities. Urban, indigenous serving, community-based organizations have led the efforts, in many cases with little to no government support. Those organizations at the forefront of service delivery often rely solely on funding from community partnerships. National investment and resources are needed. 62. Proactive initiatives support urban indigenous peoples. For example, in Canada, five indigenous organizations fulfil that role. The National Association of Friendship __________________ 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 16/20 UN-Habitat, Urban Indigenous Peoples and Migration, p. 40. Indigenous women with disabilities are four times more likely to suffer sexual violence and two to three times more likely to be child brides and experience female genital mutilation. See UN-Women fact sheet on indigenous women with disabilities and E/C.19/2013/6. A/HRC/EMRIP/2019/2/Rev.1. Inter-Parliamentary Union, Beyond Numbers, p. 1. A/HRC/36/46/Add.2. See www.localcouncils.govt.nz/lgip.nsf/wpg_url/About-Local-Government-M%C4%81oriParticipation-in-Local-Government-Encouraging-M%C4%81ori-participation-in-local-government. A/HRC/EMRIP/2019/2/Rev.1. 21-10081