A/HRC/54/52 of conflict and address related rights violations. For Indigenous Peoples, this includes human rights violations arising in situations of conflict and grievances associated with their loss of sovereignty, lands, territories and resources and with breaches of treaties, agreements and other constructive arrangements between Indigenous Peoples and States. 131 68. The Declaration should be the main framework for recognition, reparation and reconciliation. Indigenous Peoples view recognition, reparation and reconciliation as a means of addressing colonization and its long-term effects and of overcoming challenges with deep historical roots. Although a truth and reconciliation commission may address a particular series of violations or an event at a particular time, it is crucial to recognize that in the case of Indigenous Peoples, these violations and events are inseparable from a long history of colonialism.132 69. Prosecutions and compensation for violations of Indigenous Peoples’ rights in the context of militarization remain inadequate. A particular dimension of access to justice relates to overcoming long-standing historical injustices and discrimination, including in relation to colonization and dispossession of Indigenous Peoples’ lands, territories and resources.133 70. Levels of impunity remain high. Examples of this are the delays in investigating extrajudicial executions that occurred between 1979 and 2012 in the State of Manipur and the continued application of the Armed Forces Special Powers Act including in Nagaland and Manipur, in India. 134 The Egyptian authorities, allegedly, have not opened an investigation into human rights violations against Bedouins in Sinai and have not held accountable any of the officials who committed or participated in these crimes. 135 In Bangladesh, police stations and courts reportedly do not accept cases against members of the military, and the National Human Rights Commission “cannot take any action or make recommendations against the army if the army personnel are involved in human rights violations in the Chittagong Hill Tracts”.136 In Nicaragua, in spite of friendly settlements related to a case before the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights on alleged genocide on the Caribbean Coast, amnesty laws have resulted in impunity. 137 In the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, the investigations into the incident that took place in March 2022 at the border military base in Parima B, Amazonas State, in which members of the armed forces opened fire against Yanomami protesters killing four persons and injuring a minor, are still ongoing.138 71. In West Papua, Indonesia, while initiatives or legislation exist for the provision of remedies, they fail to be implemented.139 In Indonesia, military personnel can only be tried in military courts, making it harder for Indigenous Peoples to access effective remedies, due to a lack of transparency.140 In Nicaragua, filing a complaint for sexual assault by military forces has led to a responsive charge of slander.141 72. Impunity perpetuates violence against Indigenous Peoples. In Brazil, there is a lack of trust in state and border police and, in some cases, the federal police, arising from officer involvement in incidents of violence against Indigenous Peoples. In most cases, impunity 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 16 A/HRC/24/50 and A/HRC/24/50/Corr.1, para. 79. A/HRC/EMRIP/2019/3/Rev.1, para. 71. A/HRC/24/50 and A/HRC/24/50/Corr.1, para. 6. See communication IND 3/2022; see also the submission from the Centre for Research and Advocacy, Manipur. Submission from Justice House. Submission from Parbatya Chattagram Jana Samhati Samiti. Submission from Maria Luisa Acosta, coordinator of the Centro de Asistencia Legal a Pueblos Indígenas. OHCHR sources. Submission from Asia Justice and Rights. Submission from Franciscans International. Submission from Maria Luisa Acosta, coordinator of the Centro de Asistencia Legal a Pueblos Indígenas. GE.23-14759