A/74/358 and a Jewish cemetery was the target of an arson attack, 49 as well as in Hungary and Czechia. 32. In the Middle East and North Africa region, the El Ghriba Synagogue in Djerba, Tunisia, was attacked in 2018, 50 two synagogues in Shiraz, Iran, were attacked in 2017, 51 and a Jewish cemetery in Basateen, Cairo, was vandalized in 2018. 52 Authorities in Egypt and Tunisia have taken security measures to protect Jewish religious leaders, Jewish religious sites and Jewish heritage sites from being attacked, vandalized or desecrated. 53 In 2013, the synagogue in Surabaya, Indonesia, wa s targeted by protests, threats and attacks, forcing the last synagogue in the country to shut down. 54 33. In Australia, 366 antisemitic incidents were logged from 1 October 2017 to 30 September 2018. 55 They included 156 attacks (3 physical attacks, 88 cases of harassment, 19 vandalism and 46 graffiti) and 204 threats (email, postal mail, telephone, leaflets/posters) and represented a 59 per cent increase overall. 56 It was reported that intimidation and harassment of Jews occurs regularly around synagogues when Jews are attending religious services on the Jewish Sabbath. 34. The Special Rapporteur also notes news reports concerning recent antisemitic violence in Argentina. 57 On the other hand, representatives of Jewish communities in Brazil, Chile, Colombia, and Mexico reported to the Special Rapporteur that antisemitic hate crimes are relatively rare in their respective countries. E. Online manifestations of antisemitism 35. Antisemitic hate speech is particularly prevalent online. Unanimous concern raised by all those engaged for this report noted that platforms like Gab (a Twitter like platform that permits hate speech), 4chan and Twitter provide a forum for people who are geographically distant from one another to create networks in which they are able to share extreme antisemitic views. A study of online antisemitic hate speech found on Twitter in English revealed 4.2 million antisemitic tweets in one year alone, not including tweets of images or emojis. 58 Publicly prominent Jewish individuals and organizations are also specifically targeted with antisemitic comments online. 36. Sixty-eight per cent of all antisemitic discourse online originated in the United States in 2016. Analysts note that the number of individuals who use social media in the United States (200 million per week) far exceeds the number of social media users in all other countries, and that the proportion of the population in the United States who upload antisemitic posts to social media platforms is equal to or less than that in other, smaller countries. In 2016, 8,000 antisemitic posts were observed across social media platforms in Canada. Most took the form of expressions of hatred on Twitter. __________________ 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 19-16257 See www.osce.org/odihr/317166?download=true. See www.jta.org/2018/01/15/israel/five-men-arrested-in-connection-with-firebomb-attack-onsynagogue-in-tunisia. See www.haaretz.com/middle-east-news/two-iranian-synagogues-in-shiraz-vandalized1.5629841. See www.egypttoday.com/Article/1/54105/Head-of-Egyptian-Jewish-community-Myfather%E2%80%99s-tomb-was-vandalized. Based on consultations with Jewish communities. See www.timesofisrael.com/indonesias-last-synagogue-an-intended-heritage-site-destroyed/. www.ecaj.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/ECAJ-Antisemitism-Report-2018.pdf. Ibid. See www.jta.org/2019/06/12/global/officials-alarmed-by-anti-semitic-assaults-in-argentina. See https://arxiv.org/abs/1809.01644. 11/23