A/68/283 31. The 1954 Convention relating to the Status of Stateless Persons aims to regulate and improve the legal status of stateless persons. The 1961 Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness deals with the means of avoiding statelessness. 3. Labour standards 32. All international labour standards of the International Labour Organization (ILO) apply to migrant workers unless otherwise stated. They include the eight ILO fundamental rights conventions; the specific instruments concerned with the protection of migrant workers and the governance of labour migration, namely the Convention concerning Migration for Employment (Revised 1949) (Convention No. 97) and the Convention concerning Migrations in Abusive Conditions and the Promotion of Equality of Opportunity and Treatment of Migrant Workers (Convention No. 143) of 1975, as well as other instruments that contain specific provisions on migrant workers, such as the Convention concerning Private Employment Agencies (Convention No. 181) of 1997 and the Domestic Workers Convention (Convention No. 189) of 2011. 33. In addition, the non-binding Multilateral Framework on Labour Migration, adopted in 2005, provides guidance, inter alia, on the human rights of all migrant workers, regardless of their status, and on the regulation of recruitment agencies. 4. Trafficking in persons 34. The Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime contains rules concerning the prevention of trafficking, as well as assistance to and protection of victims of trafficking. It also provides that States should consider permitting victims of trafficking to remain in their territory, temporarily or permanently, in appropriate cases. 5. Migrant smuggling 35. The Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, requires States parties to establish as a criminal offence the smuggling of migrants. However, the criminalization requirement does not apply to the migrants who are being smuggled. The Protocol states that migrants shall not become liable to criminal prosecution under the Protocol for the fact of having been the object of smuggling. C. Institutional framework 36. There is no migration organization within the United Nations, and no coherent institutional framework governing migration exists. 37. States continue to attempt to govern migration largely on a unilateral basis. This has led to a lack of coherence between global, regional and national governance and retreat from binding United Nations-based frameworks, with state preference for informal processes, such as the Global Forum on Migration and Development and regional consultative processes. 13-42115 7/26