A/68/283 81. Governance at the local level is also important to keep in mind, as that is often where authorities have the most direct contact with migrants. Thus, local policies may be more evidence-based than policies at the national level. For instance, some local authorities provide universal access to health care for irregular migrants despite this not being the policy at the national level because they see the benefits for the local community in terms of reduced costs by providing preventive care, rather than emergency care only, and greater social cohesion. 82. While an efficient, well-trained and human rights- and gender-sensitive immigration enforcement corps is an important component of State authority, “firewalls” between public services (health care, education, housing, labour inspection, local police) and immigration enforcement (whereby the former would be instructed not to request immigration status information unless essential and the latter would not have access to the information collected by the former relating to immigration status) should be implemented in order to allow migrants to access rights without fear of being arrested, detained or deported. The concept of a “firewall” is not only in line with a human rights framework but also in the interest of States, from the point of view of, inter alia, public health and fighting crime. 83. In addition, fighting labour exploitation of migrants by sanctioning exploitative employers often seems to be a yet-unfulfilled State obligation, although it would contribute greatly in reducing the pull factor of irregular migration and diminish the power of smugglers over migrants. 6. Impact at the global level of regional and bilateral governance 84. Regional and bilateral migration governance may lead to global change by building trust among States. Issues discussed at the bilateral or regional level may then be brought to the global level, at the United Nations or the Global Forum on Migration and Development. The Global Forum has acknowledged regional consultative and similar processes and encouraged their participants to present best practices and policies to influence global discussions and to take forward and adapt insights gained from the processes. 85. At the same time that bilateral and regional processes may contribute to global migration governance, global governance may also improve regional and bilateral processes if States agree on global standards and practices and bring those to the regional or bilateral level. 86. There are several regional organizations in the world with some form of free movement for citizens of the organization’s member States. It could be envisaged that at some point some of those initiatives could connect, thus expanding the free mobility area covered. However, there is an imperative need for a central human rights framework in all these processes. D. Need for better migration governance and a strengthened institutional framework 87. The reasons behind the lack of a comprehensive institutional framework for global migration governance are complex. Sending and receiving States often do not have a common understanding of the issues at stake despite the fact that, if governed well, they would all benefit from migration. Destination States often argue the need 16/26 13-42115