A/HRC/31/56 91. In Japan, the dropout rate for Buraku high school students is reported to be two to three times the national average. In addition, despite modest increases in college enrolment, the percentage of Buraku university students is still well below the national average. 82 In Yemen, 80 per cent of the Muhamasheen are reported to be illiterate and suffer extreme poverty.83 In Mauritania, over 80 per cent of the Haratine do not complete primary school; they constitute only 5 per cent of students pursuing higher education. 84 In Madagascar, most of the Andevo are reportedly illiterate.85 In Senegal, civil society reports state that children from lower castes were prevented from sitting with classmates from higher castes. 86 5. Humanitarian assistance 92. Evidence indicates that communities in lower positions in caste and analogous systems are more vulnerable and more likely to be exposed to natural and human-made disasters and hazards than those from higher castes, for several reasons. 87 For example, their marginalized socioeconomic status may translate into a lack of or limited access to amenities and information. The location and infrastructure of their homes, usually in remote and marginal lands such as floodplains, coastal towns and unstable hillsides, on the periphery of settlements and poorly equipped in terms of basic amenities such as drains, flood barriers and drinking water, may also increase their vulnerability to natural disasters. 93. Research88 has found that, when emergencies arise, such communities are often not only the most affected but are also less likely to receive humanitarian aid and rehabilitation. Analysis of emergency responses to natural disasters in South Asia, including in India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka89 and, most recently, Nepal,90 have demonstrated that Dalits suffer from acute caste discrimination throughout all the phases of disaster response, from rescue to rehabilitation. They are also the most affected by climate change due to their living in flood- and drought-prone areas.91 94. Reports indicate that discriminatory practices against Dalits in humanitarian response include priority given to dominant castes in rescue operations; denial of or unequal access to relief camps, food, water, health services, shelter, housing and education; segregation in camp facilities; prohibition of use of the common sanitation facilities; segregation in commensal groups; lack of compensation or restitution of assets due to lack of documentation to claim entitlements related to land and property; and lack of participation of affected communities in decision-making regarding reconstruction. 92 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 18 Kenzo Tomonaga, “The International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination and Buraku discrimination”, pp. 54-55. See CCPR/C/YEM/CO/5, para. 12. According to the Haratine manifesto (“Manifeste pour les droits politiques, économiques et sociaux des Haratines au sein d’une Mauritanie unie, égalitaire et réconciliée avec elle-même” (April 2013). See A/HRC/24/43/Add.2, para. 12. African Assembly for the Defense of Human Rights and International Dalit Solidarity Network, “Alternative report on the situation of castes in Senegal” (July 2012), p. 3. International Dalit Solidarity Network, “Equality in aid: addressing caste discrimination in humanitarian response” (2013), pp. 3-4. National Dalit Watch-National Campaign on Dalit Human Rights, “Addressing caste discrimination in humanitarian response” (2011). Timothy Gill, “Making things worse: How ‘caste-blindness’ in Indian post-tsunami disaster recovery has exacerbated vulnerability and exclusion” (Dalit Network Netherlands, 2007). www.amnesty.org/en/documents/asa31/1753/2015/en. Bethan Cobley, “International consultation on caste-based discrimination”, p. 18. International Dalit Solidarity Network, “Equality in aid: addressing caste discrimination in humanitarian response”, pp. 4-5.