A/75/183 combines residence requirements with reporting obligations. Examples of housing migrant families with children in the community also exist in Belgium, Czechia, Spain, the United Kingdom and Hong Kong, China. 81 55. Other community-based arrangements include open reception centres, accommodation within ethnic communities, and shelters, as well as independent and supported accommodation. Case management support 56. In recent years, the practice on case management-based alternatives has been growing, with governments, local authorities and civil society organizations developing new programmes in a number of countries for both unaccompanied children and families with children. Case management is a social work approach “designed to ensure support for, and a coordinated response to, the health and well being of people with complex needs”. 82 Case management models involve a case manager (who is not a decision-maker) providing a link between the individual, the authorities and the community, and whose role is to assist individuals to work towards case resolution. 83 A growing body of practice and international evidence shows that case management increases participation, compliance and durable case resolution, while improving individuals’ coping capacity and well-being. By building trust in the system, providing stability and facilitating agency, case management is an efficient and cost-effective approach to governing migration without using immigration detention. 84 The high compliance rate of this approach is proven by a handful of case management-based programmes all over the world. 85 57. In Thailand, a multidisciplinary working group comprising immigration and child protection officials and representatives of United Nations agencies is tasked with finding alternative care measures and developing an individual plan for each migrant child. The working group also appoints a case manager from civil society to coordinate with the service providers specified in the individual care plan for a child and his or her family. Case managers and legal advisors support the migrant families through relevant immigration procedures. 86 58. Since 2018, the Home Office of the United Kingdom has been developing a pilot programme in order to test the benefits of case management as a methodology. In Utrecht, the Netherlands, the Government is funding a case management programme run by a local civil society organization. 87 The Greek authorities, together with UNHCR and METAdrasi, a Greek non-governmental organization, implemented a programme in 2019 for the protection and safeguarding of unaccompanied minors through the provision of case management services, to support the transition to a new guardianship scheme. 88 59. In Sweden, a caseworker system for asylum seekers was developed as part of a shift away from detention, and has been highly successful in achie ving effective case resolution. The vast majority of participants in community-based programming comply __________________ 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 20-09734 Submission by the International Detention Coalition. See Eiri Ohtani, Alternatives to detention: from theory to practice – evaluation of three engagement-based alternative to immigration detention pilot projects in Bulgaria, Cyprus and Poland (European Programme for Integration and Migration, 2018). Available at www.epim.info/ wp-content/uploads/2018/10/ATD-Evaluation-Report_FINAL.pdf. Ibid. PICUM, “Implementing case management-based alternatives to detention in Europe”, March 2020. Submissions by Lumos, by PICUM and by the United Nations Major Group for Children and Youth. Submission by Thailand. Submission by PICUM. Submission by Greece. 15/23